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  • Yukemdi hands out educational pamphlets on HIV/AIDS and condoms to Papuan men at Pasar Baru, the biggest market in Wamena. However, the text is written in Bahasa Indonesia and many people there are illiterate and speak mainly the local dialects. The pamphlet also does not feature Papuan people on its cover. Nevertheless, Yukemdi included their office telephone number and address in the back each pamphlet for anyone who wants to contact them directly for immediate assistance.<br />
<br />
Awareness of HIV/AIDS is very low among indigenous Papuans because educational materials remains inadequate and information is delivered inefficiently.  For example, billboards related to HIV/AIDS in Jayapura rarely mention condoms as an effective way to reduce or prevent infection nor do they provide locations to the nearest Voluntary Counseling and Testing center (VCT).  Therefore, despite their strategic placement in crowded markets and busy streets, billboards are not as effective in promoting awareness and providing reliable information.  Other HIV/AIDS educational materials used in Papua such as pamphlets are often ineffective in reaching indigenous Papuans because their content frequently uses images of non-Papuans, which Papuans do not relate to.  Furthermore, many indigenous Papuans have limited literacy and these booklets mainly use Bahasa Indonesia rather than the local dialects.<br />
<br />
Better methods of education and more effective ways of delivering information on HIV/AIDS need to be implemented in Papua in order to effectively raise awareness and provide accurate and reliable information.  This is an essential step to educate and empower the public to make informed decisions and reduce their vulnerability to HIV infection.
    AgainstAllOdds_MG_2241.JPG
  • Crowd gathers at a night market in Sorong, West Papua. Non-Papuans now outnumber ethnic Papuans. <br />
<br />
Papua is a vast province and has abundant natural resources such as copper, gold, and timber.  However, most indigenous Papuans live on less than $1 a day.  The incidence of poverty in Papua is the highest in the country; double that of the national average.  Papua was acquired by Indonesia in 1969 in a disputed vote rejected by most Papuans.  For the past four decades Papuans have sought independence.  A transmigration policy implemented by the federal government relocated almost a million non-Papuan migrants from surrounding provinces as part of the "Indonesianization" process.  These migrants, along with another million voluntary migrants, dominate most of the region's trade and business, thereby controlling authority and dictating commerce in Papua.  Imported goods such as rice, medication, and gas are brought into Papua and sold at exorbitant prices, making the cost of living the highest in Indonesia.  Coupled with unequal access to education and training, opportunities for indigenous Papuans to advance economically are limited.  The consequence is economic inequality¬--wealthy migrants and poor Papuans--and a marginalized indigenous population where poverty, unemployment, malnourishment, illness, illiteracy, and discrimination are the norm.
    Against All Odds_09.JPG
  • Crowd gathers at a night market in Sorong, West Papua. Non-Papuans now outnumber ethnic Papuans. <br />
<br />
Papua is a vast province and has abundant natural resources such as copper, gold, and timber.  However, most indigenous Papuans live on less than $1 a day.  The incidence of poverty in Papua is the highest in the country; double that of the national average.  Papua was acquired by Indonesia in 1969 in a disputed vote rejected by most Papuans.  For the past four decades Papuans have sought independence.  A transmigration policy implemented by the federal government relocated almost a million non-Papuan migrants from surrounding provinces as part of the "Indonesianization" process.  These migrants, along with another million voluntary migrants, dominate most of the region's trade and business, thereby controlling authority and dictating commerce in Papua.  Imported goods such as rice, medication, and gas are brought into Papua and sold at exorbitant prices, making the cost of living the highest in Indonesia.  Coupled with unequal access to education and training, opportunities for indigenous Papuans to advance economically are limited.  The consequence is economic inequality¬--wealthy migrants and poor Papuans--and a marginalized indigenous population where poverty, unemployment, malnourishment, illness, illiteracy, and discrimination are the norm.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_09.JPG
  • Yukemdi hands out educational pamphlets on HIV/AIDS and condoms to Papuan men at Pasar Baru, the biggest market in Wamena. However, the text is written in Bahasa Indonesia and many people there are illiterate and speak mainly the local dialects. The pamphlet also does not feature Papuan people on its cover. Nevertheless, Yukemdi included their office telephone number and address in the back each pamphlet for anyone who wants to contact them directly for immediate assistance.<br />
<br />
Awareness of HIV/AIDS is very low among indigenous Papuans because educational materials remains inadequate and information is delivered inefficiently.  For example, billboards related to HIV/AIDS in Jayapura rarely mention condoms as an effective way to reduce or prevent infection nor do they provide locations to the nearest Voluntary Counseling and Testing center (VCT).  Therefore, despite their strategic placement in crowded markets and busy streets, billboards are not as effective in promoting awareness and providing reliable information.  Other HIV/AIDS educational materials used in Papua such as pamphlets are often ineffective in reaching indigenous Papuans because their content frequently uses images of non-Papuans, which Papuans do not relate to.  Furthermore, many indigenous Papuans have limited literacy and these booklets mainly use Bahasa Indonesia rather than the local dialects.<br />
<br />
Better methods of education and more effective ways of delivering information on HIV/AIDS need to be implemented in Papua in order to effectively raise awareness and provide accurate and reliable information.  This is an essential step to educate and empower the public to make informed decisions and reduce their vulnerability to HIV infection.
    AgainstAllOdds_BW_MG_2241.JPG
  • Hilda weighs herself inside the office of a local NGO in Wamena.  She has gained 3kg (6.5 lbs) and she has started taking ARV only after staying in their temporary shelter for 2 weeks.<br />
<br />
Hilda walked five days from her village in Yahukimo to reach the town of Wamena. Hilda said she contracted HIV at the age of 11 after an older man raped her.  When she arrived in Wamena, she was already in the second stage of AIDS experiencing symptoms of diarrhea and losing more than 10% of her body weight.  Fortunately, an NGO field worker from YPKM discovered her at the local clinic and offered her a room in the back of their office.  The small room was initially used for storage but now functions as a temporary shelter for Hilda and another young girl.  At the shelter, Hilda receives constant care and nutritious food such as rice, vegetables, and fish. <br />
<br />
Adequate long-term support for people living with HIV/AIDS is lacking in both cities and rural regions of Papua.  A hospice is essential in HIV/AIDS recovery because it provides a place where patients can receive constant care and support.  For patients who have to travel to cities to get treatment, a hospice provides a convenient temporary shelter.  At times, a hospice also offers a sanctuary for those with HIV/AIDS who are rejected or face discrimination due to their status.  <br />
<br />
One of the biggest obstacles to recovery and rehabilitation for indigenous Papuans living with HIV/AIDS is the lack of adequate nutrition.  Due to poverty and because many Papuans have moved away from a subsistence garden culture, many cannot afford to purchase or consume wholesome foods.  Papuans who are HIV-positive find it extremely difficult to work or tend their crops.  Consequently, indigenous Papuans do not receive sufficient vitamins, proteins and nutrients from their diet.  When they fall sick Papuans recover at a much slower pace and most find it extremely challenging to stay healthy.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_30.JPG
  • Non-Papuan Migrants wait to embark at the shipping port in Jayapura, capital of Papua, which is the main entry point for goods and migrants entering and exiting the region.<br />
<br />
The province of Papua is large, and has abundant natural resources such as copper, gold, and timber. However, most indigenous Papuans live on less than $1 a day.  The incidence of poverty in Papua is the highest in the country, and double the national average.  Papua was acquired by Indonesia in 1969 in a disputed vote rejected by most Papuans. Papuans have sought independence for the past four decades.  A transmigration policy implemented by the federal government relocated almost a million non-Papuan migrants from surrounding provinces as part of a process of "Indonesianization."  These migrants, along with another million voluntary migrants, dominate most of the region's trade and business, thereby controlling authority by dictating commerce in Papua.  Goods such as rice, medication and gas that are imported into Papua are sold at exorbitant prices, making the cost of living the highest in Indonesia.  Coupled with unequal access to education and training, opportunities for indigenous Papuans to advance economically are limited.  The consequence is economic inequality--wealthy migrants and poor indigenous Papuans-- and a marginalized indigenous population where poverty, unemployment, malnourishment, illness, illiteracy, and discrimination are the norm.
    AgainstAllOdds_Final_05.JPG
  • A field worker from Yukemdi, a local NGO in Wamena, educates the public on Sexual Transmitted Diseases (STD) and HIV/AIDS at a local market using the local dialects.<br />
<br />
Awareness of HIV/AIDS is very low among indigenous Papuans because educational materials remains inadequate and information is delivered inefficiently.  For example, billboards related to HIV/AIDS in Jayapura rarely mention condoms as an effective way to reduce or prevent infection nor do they provide locations to the nearest Voluntary Counseling and Testing center (VCT).  Therefore, despite their strategic placement in crowded markets and busy streets, billboards are not as effective in promoting awareness and providing reliable information.  Other HIV/AIDS educational materials used in Papua such as pamphlets are often ineffective in reaching indigenous Papuans because their content frequently uses images of non-Papuans, which Papuans do not relate to.  Furthermore, many indigenous Papuans have limited literacy and these booklets mainly use Bahasa Indonesia rather than the local dialects.<br />
<br />
Better methods of education and more effective ways of delivering information on HIV/AIDS need to be implemented in Papua in order to effectively raise awareness and provide accurate and reliable information.  This is an essential step to educate and empower the public to make informed decisions and reduce their vulnerability to HIV infection.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_14.JPG
  • Passengers wait to depart and embark at the seaport in Jayapura, the capital of Papua, which is the main entry point for goods and migrants entering and exiting the region.<br />
<br />
Papua is a vast province and has abundant natural resources such as copper, gold, and timber.  However, most indigenous Papuans live on less than $1 a day.  The incidence of poverty in Papua is the highest in the country; double that of the national average.  Papua was acquired by Indonesia in 1969 in a disputed vote rejected by most Papuans.  For the past four decades Papuans have sought independence.  A transmigration policy implemented by the federal government relocated almost a million non-Papuan migrants from surrounding provinces as part of the "Indonesianization" process.  These migrants, along with another million voluntary migrants, dominate most of the region's trade and business, thereby controlling authority and dictating commerce in Papua.  Imported goods such as rice, medication, and gas are brought into Papua and sold at exorbitant prices, making the cost of living the highest in Indonesia.  Coupled with unequal access to education and training, opportunities for indigenous Papuans to advance economically are limited.  The consequence is economic inequality¬--wealthy migrants and poor Papuans--and a marginalized indigenous population where poverty, unemployment, malnourishment, illness, illiteracy, and discrimination are the norm.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_08.JPG
  • Passengers wait to depart and embark at the seaport in Jayapura, the capital of Papua, which is the main entry point for goods and migrants entering and exiting the region.<br />
<br />
Papua is a vast province and has abundant natural resources such as copper, gold, and timber.  However, most indigenous Papuans live on less than $1 a day.  The incidence of poverty in Papua is the highest in the country; double that of the national average.  Papua was acquired by Indonesia in 1969 in a disputed vote rejected by most Papuans.  For the past four decades Papuans have sought independence.  A transmigration policy implemented by the federal government relocated almost a million non-Papuan migrants from surrounding provinces as part of the "Indonesianization" process.  These migrants, along with another million voluntary migrants, dominate most of the region's trade and business, thereby controlling authority and dictating commerce in Papua.  Imported goods such as rice, medication, and gas are brought into Papua and sold at exorbitant prices, making the cost of living the highest in Indonesia.  Coupled with unequal access to education and training, opportunities for indigenous Papuans to advance economically are limited.  The consequence is economic inequality¬--wealthy migrants and poor Papuans--and a marginalized indigenous population where poverty, unemployment, malnourishment, illness, illiteracy, and discrimination are the norm.
    Against All Odds_08.JPG
  • Food packages given by YPKM, which includes 2kg of rice, cooking oil, sugar, milk, and infant formula (costing approx. $25), to those who are in the late stages of AIDS and mothers who cannot breastfeed their infants.  The health condition of almost every person receiving this monthly food package has greatly improved.<br />
<br />
One of the biggest obstacles to recovery and rehabilitation for indigenous Papuans living with HIV/AIDS is the lack of adequate nutrition.  Due to poverty and because many Papuans have moved away from a subsistence garden culture, many cannot afford to purchase or consume wholesome foods.  Papuans who are HIV-positive find it extremely difficult to work or tend their crops.  Consequently, indigenous Papuans do not receive sufficient vitamins, proteins and nutrients from their diet.  When they fall sick Papuans recover at a much slower pace and most find it extremely challenging to stay healthy.
    _MG_4173.jpg
  • Hilda weighs herself inside the office of a local NGO in Wamena.  She has gained 3kg (6.5 lbs) and she has started taking ARV only after staying in their temporary shelter for 2 weeks.<br />
<br />
Hilda walked five days from her village in Yahukimo to reach the town of Wamena. Hilda said she contracted HIV at the age of 11 after an older man raped her.  When she arrived in Wamena, she was already in the second stage of AIDS experiencing symptoms of diarrhea and losing more than 10% of her body weight.  Fortunately, an NGO field worker from YPKM discovered her at the local clinic and offered her a room in the back of their office.  The small room was initially used for storage but now functions as a temporary shelter for Hilda and another young girl.  At the shelter, Hilda receives constant care and nutritious food such as rice, vegetables, and fish. <br />
<br />
Adequate long-term support for people living with HIV/AIDS is lacking in both cities and rural regions of Papua.  A hospice is essential in HIV/AIDS recovery because it provides a place where patients can receive constant care and support.  For patients who have to travel to cities to get treatment, a hospice provides a convenient temporary shelter.  At times, a hospice also offers a sanctuary for those with HIV/AIDS who are rejected or face discrimination due to their status.  <br />
<br />
One of the biggest obstacles to recovery and rehabilitation for indigenous Papuans living with HIV/AIDS is the lack of adequate nutrition.  Due to poverty and because many Papuans have moved away from a subsistence garden culture, many cannot afford to purchase or consume wholesome foods.  Papuans who are HIV-positive find it extremely difficult to work or tend their crops.  Consequently, indigenous Papuans do not receive sufficient vitamins, proteins and nutrients from their diet.  When they fall sick Papuans recover at a much slower pace and most find it extremely challenging to stay healthy.
    Against All Odds_19.JPG
  • "Tembok" is a place that is dark and overlooking the ocean in Sorong.  At night, it is a popular spot get drunk and to buy and sell sex.<br />
<br />
For many young Papuan women in urban and developing areas, poverty and economic pressures have forced the exchange of sex for goods, cash, or food as an accepted mean for survival.  Unlike non-Papuan brothel workers, Papuan sex workers often seek clients in public venues and have sex outside, by the side of the road, or in urban dwellings.  Operating outside formal establishments, the exact number of Papuan sex workers are unknown but are estimated to be at least double the number of non-Papuans.  Despite their high numbers, intervention programs targeting Papuan sex workers have not been a priority and most of them rarely have access to information, preventive services and support for HIV/AIDS and STDs.  With limited access to information and support, Papuan sex workers are less informed, have lower rates of condom usage (5% compared to non-Papuans with a 70% rate of condom usage), and are more likely to get infected with STDs and HIV than their counterparts in regulated brothels.
    Against All Odds_10.JPG
  • Mary (18) leans on her friend's shoulder as she waits for her HIV test results at a Voluntary Counseling and Testing clinic (VCT).<br />
<br />
For many young Papuan women in urban and developing areas, poverty and economic pressures have forced the exchange of sex for goods, cash, or food as an accepted mean for survival.  Unlike non-Papuan brothel workers, Papuan sex workers often seek clients in public venues and have sex outside, by the side of the road, or in urban dwellings.  Operating outside formal establishments, the exact number of Papuan sex workers are unknown but are estimated to be at least double the number of non-Papuans.  Despite their high numbers, intervention programs targeting Papuan sex workers have not been a priority and most of them rarely have access to information, preventive services and support for HIV/AIDS and Sexual Transmitted Diseases (STD).  With limited access to information and support, Papuan sex workers are less informed, have lower rates of condom usage (5% compared to non-Papuans with a 70% rate of condom usage), and are more likely to get infected with STDs and HIV than their counterparts in regulated brothels.
    Against All Odds_16.JPG
  • A field worker from Yukemdi, a local NGO in Wamena, educates the public on Sexual Transmitted Diseases (STD) and HIV/AIDS at a local market using the local dialects.<br />
<br />
Awareness of HIV/AIDS is very low among indigenous Papuans because educational materials remains inadequate and information is delivered inefficiently.  For example, billboards related to HIV/AIDS in Jayapura rarely mention condoms as an effective way to reduce or prevent infection nor do they provide locations to the nearest Voluntary Counseling and Testing center (VCT).  Therefore, despite their strategic placement in crowded markets and busy streets, billboards are not as effective in promoting awareness and providing reliable information.  Other HIV/AIDS educational materials used in Papua such as pamphlets are often ineffective in reaching indigenous Papuans because their content frequently uses images of non-Papuans, which Papuans do not relate to.  Furthermore, many indigenous Papuans have limited literacy and these booklets mainly use Bahasa Indonesia rather than the local dialects.<br />
<br />
Better methods of education and more effective ways of delivering information on HIV/AIDS need to be implemented in Papua in order to effectively raise awareness and provide accurate and reliable information.  This is an essential step to educate and empower the public to make informed decisions and reduce their vulnerability to HIV infection.
    Against All Odds_14.JPG
  • Papuan street prostitutes, B. (25) and N. (16) share a cigarette as they wait for potential clients.<br />
<br />
For many young Papuan women in urban and developing areas, poverty and economic pressures have forced the exchange of sex for goods, cash, or food as an accepted mean for survival.  Unlike non-Papuan brothel workers, Papuan sex workers often seek clients in public venues and have sex outside, by the side of the road, or in urban dwellings.  Operating outside formal establishments, the exact number of Papuan sex workers are unknown but are estimated to be at least double the number of non-Papuans.  Despite their high numbers, intervention programs targeting Papuan sex workers have not been a priority and most of them rarely have access to information, preventive services and support for HIV/AIDS and STDs.  With limited access to information and support, Papuan sex workers are less informed, have lower rates of condom usage (5% compared to non-Papuans with a 70% rate of condom usage), and are more likely to get infected with STDs and HIV than their counterparts in regulated brothels.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_11.JPG
  • "Tembok" is a place that is dark and overlooking the ocean in Sorong.  At night, it is a popular spot get drunk and to buy and sell sex.<br />
<br />
For many young Papuan women in urban and developing areas, poverty and economic pressures have forced the exchange of sex for goods, cash, or food as an accepted mean for survival.  Unlike non-Papuan brothel workers, Papuan sex workers often seek clients in public venues and have sex outside, by the side of the road, or in urban dwellings.  Operating outside formal establishments, the exact number of Papuan sex workers are unknown but are estimated to be at least double the number of non-Papuans.  Despite their high numbers, intervention programs targeting Papuan sex workers have not been a priority and most of them rarely have access to information, preventive services and support for HIV/AIDS and STDs.  With limited access to information and support, Papuan sex workers are less informed, have lower rates of condom usage (5% compared to non-Papuans with a 70% rate of condom usage), and are more likely to get infected with STDs and HIV than their counterparts in regulated brothels.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_10.JPG
  • Papuan street prostitutes, B. (25) and N. (16) share a cigarette as they wait for potential clients.<br />
<br />
For many young Papuan women in urban and developing areas, poverty and economic pressures have forced the exchange of sex for goods, cash, or food as an accepted mean for survival.  Unlike non-Papuan brothel workers, Papuan sex workers often seek clients in public venues and have sex outside, by the side of the road, or in urban dwellings.  Operating outside formal establishments, the exact number of Papuan sex workers are unknown but are estimated to be at least double the number of non-Papuans.  Despite their high numbers, intervention programs targeting Papuan sex workers have not been a priority and most of them rarely have access to information, preventive services and support for HIV/AIDS and STDs.  With limited access to information and support, Papuan sex workers are less informed, have lower rates of condom usage (5% compared to non-Papuans with a 70% rate of condom usage), and are more likely to get infected with STDs and HIV than their counterparts in regulated brothels.
    Against All Odds_11.JPG
  • Mary (18) leans on her friend's shoulder as she waits for her HIV test results at a Voluntary Counseling and Testing clinic (VCT).<br />
<br />
For many young Papuan women in urban and developing areas, poverty and economic pressures have forced the exchange of sex for goods, cash, or food as an accepted mean for survival.  Unlike non-Papuan brothel workers, Papuan sex workers often seek clients in public venues and have sex outside, by the side of the road, or in urban dwellings.  Operating outside formal establishments, the exact number of Papuan sex workers are unknown but are estimated to be at least double the number of non-Papuans.  Despite their high numbers, intervention programs targeting Papuan sex workers have not been a priority and most of them rarely have access to information, preventive services and support for HIV/AIDS and Sexual Transmitted Diseases (STD).  With limited access to information and support, Papuan sex workers are less informed, have lower rates of condom usage (5% compared to non-Papuans with a 70% rate of condom usage), and are more likely to get infected with STDs and HIV than their counterparts in regulated brothels.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_16.JPG
  • A boy is seen on a beach at sunset in Sorong, a city with the highest HIV/AIDS infection in West Papua.<br />
<br />
40 percent of all HIV/AIDS cases in Indonesia are found in Papua. Although they say that HIV/AIDS does not discriminate, in Papua the epidemic follows along the fault lines of race: about three-quarters of those infected are indigenous Papuans and they are living and dying in the midst of the fastest growing epidemic in Asia.  Indigenous Papuans lack access to the information and education necessary to make informed decisions to reduce vulnerability to HIV. They also have limited access to preventive services, adequate health support, and treatment. Consequently, no other ethnic group in Papua bears as high a risk of transmission, stigmatization, marginalized well-being, and mortality related to HIV/AIDS as do indigenous Papuans. This epidemic, if unchecked, threatens their survival and jeopardizes the longevity of Indigenous Papuans' future generations.
    Against All Odds_40.JPG
  • Students listen to a lecture on HIV/AIDS at SMA Negeri 1, a government high school in Jayapura, capital of Papua. The course is taught by a teacher who only had 1 week of training and without books or visual help.<br />
<br />
For many Papuan youth, a first sexual encounter can take place during their early teenage years, and some are sexually active by the time they reach puberty in their mid-teens.  Life Skills Education (LSE), a curriculum that covers education on human reproduction, pregnancy, sex, STDs, and HIV/AIDS designed by UNICEF is taught in many high schools throughout Papua.  However, this essential educational course is only available in schools located in cities but not in rural areas.  Moreover, LSE doesn't reach many indigenous Papuan youth because many young Papuans are not able to attend high school.  Additionally, many teachers lack sufficient training and essential materials such as books with up-to-date information and visual aids to adequately educate their students.  Often, they encourage their students to seek additional information on the Internet.  Detailed information on condoms is regularly excluded in lectures and reading materials because of the general perception that it will endorse pre-marital sex.  Students carry incomplete information, misconceptions and misunderstandings into adulthood, which increase their vulnerability to the epidemic.
    AgainstAllOdds_Final_12.JPG
  • Nurse Febe checks the tonsil of an HIV-positive patient at Kalvary Klinil during a health examination.<br />
<br />
Opened in 2006, Klinik Kalvary has been providing quality care to mostly indigenous Papuans in Wamena and they've helped hundreds of patients in the past.  They focus on diseases such as Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and Sexual Transmitted Disease (STD). The clinic offers free Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) for HIV/AIDS and ART (Anti- Retroviral Therapy).  Many indigenous Papuans prefer to go to here than the overcrowded government public health clinic due to its quality care and attentive staffs. Nevertheless, the clinic rarely receives government funding and relies mostly on foreign donors to continue opening its doors to provide medical care to those in need.
    Against All Odds_28.JPG
  • Hospital staffs and family members carry Eddy's body to be transported back to his village.  <br />
<br />
Eddie (30) was a schoolteacher in Jayapura.  Despite his education and access to health facilities in the city, Eddie did not seek medical treatment when he was diagnosed with HIV because he was afraid that his friends and family members would find out.  Instead, Eddie returned to his village when his health declined.  He stayed in his parents' honai but kept his illness a secret and did not seek clinical treatment.  The virus progressed into the later stages of AIDS.  When Eddie's condition became life threatening, his family finally brought him to the hospital and he arrived in critical condition.  His CD4 or white blood cell count was 1, when a typical count is 700.  Family members gathered everyday at his bedside, waiting and praying.  Despite doctors' attempt to stabilize his condition Eddie passed away in less than a week.  Eddie's body was brought back to his village. Family members, friends, and neighbors mourned his death.  The following day, Eddie was buried and hundreds of people, including colleagues and students, attended his funeral.<br />
<br />
Stigma significantly reduces the quality of life and increases the likelihood of suffering and mortality for indigenous Papuans living with HIV/AIDS.  ODHA (Orang Dengan HIV/AIDS) is the term often used to label a person living with HIV/AIDS.  This label has a negative connotation since HIV/AIDS is frequently associated with dishonor and death and it is often viewed as a curse or retribution for sins or deviant behaviors such as alcoholism, promiscuity, and extra marital sex.  Thus, shame, guilt and death go hand in hand with how Papuans see HIV/AIDS.  Consequently, fear of abuse, persecution, and ostracism from family members and the wider community has made secrecy the primary concern for ODHA rather than seeking treatment.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_38.JPG
  • The lab's counter at the public health clinic in Wamena. There are only 3 lab technicians working in the lab who are overwhelmed with the responsibility to test for various illnesses including sexual transmitted diseases, Tuberculosis, HIV, etc.<br />
In Papua, all indigenous Papuans have access to health insurance, called Jamkesmas or Jaminan Kesehatan Masyarakat Miskin, provided at no cost by the provincial government. However, inadequate facilities, limited availability of medical equipment and medicines, and inexperienced health staff have made it difficult for indigenous Papuans to get tested for HIV/AIDS and receive quality assistance, counseling, and long-term care.  Many health staff in Papua still lacks medical training to run and manage VCT clinics.  In other places, even when health personnel have sufficient training, their clinics are often overcrowded and inadequate, lacking proper equipment such as testing reagents, centrifuge, HIV rapid tests, CD4 machines, and medicines to treat opportunistic infection and antiretroviral therapies.
    Against All Odds_30.JPG
  • Children and parents from the Husoak village outside of Wamena watch an educational movie on HIV/AIDS.<br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most efficient ways to promote awareness and educate the public on HIV/AIDS is by playing informative movies at open forums.  In Wamena, YUKEMDI, a local NGO run by indigenous Papuans, plays an educational movie in rural villages that uses the local dialects and featuring native Papuans.  The film is both entertaining and informative often attracting hundreds of villagers to the showings.  Villagers receive additional information after watching the movie and are encouraged to ask questions in order to promote communication and open discussions.  However, these screenings are not conducted as often as they should be despite their effectiveness and demands from village elders.  YUKEMDI is unable to reach and provide HIV/AIDS education to rural villages because they have insufficient funding and support to cover the costs of fuel, transportation, and equipments for the movie screenings in remote communities.<br />
<br />
Better methods of education and more effective ways of delivering information on HIV/AIDS need to be implemented in Papua in order to effectively raise awareness and provide accurate and reliable information.  This is an essential step to educate and empower the public to make informed decisions and reduce their vulnerability to HIV infection.
    Against All Odds_03.JPG
  • Terry traveled hundreds of miles from his village in Lani Jaya to reach the main hospital in Wamena.  His family paid over $100 to charter a vehicle for transportation.  Already in the late stages of AIDS (Stage 4), Terry was carried onto a stretcher because he was too weak to walk.  He had stopped taking his ARV medication because he lived too far from the health center that provided refills and follow-up care.   <br />
<br />
<br />
Many health facilities that provide services and support for HIV/AIDS are located mainly in cities, far away from the majority of indigenous Papuans who live in rural villages.  Due to Papua's arduous terrain, these health centers are often reachable only by planes or sport utility vehicles.  However, the high costs of fuel and expensive fare for transportation means that native Papuans living outside urban settings have limited access to essential care and treatment.<br />
<br />
In Jayawijaya, a mountainous region in central Papua, the average cost for a round trip on public transportation to a neighboring town could cost as much as one's daily earning.  Gas can cost up to $20 per gallon and one might have to travel a full day or more just to reach the nearest health center.  As a result, those who are too sick to make the long journey or cannot afford to pay for transportation end up without treatment.  And those who are fortunate enough to get to a clinic or hospital often wait too long before making the trip.  In many cases, they arrive at the medical center in critical condition with little hope of surviving.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_27.JPG
  • Nurse Febe checks the tonsil of an HIV-positive patient at Klinik Kalvari.<br />
<br />
Opened in 2006, Klinik Kalvari has been providing quality care to mostly indigenous Papuans in Wamena and they've helped hundreds of patients in the past.  They focus on diseases such as Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and Sexual Transmitted Disease (STD). The clinic offers free Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) for HIV/AIDS and ART (Anti- Retroviral Therapy).  Many indigenous Papuans prefer to go to here than the overcrowded government public health clinic due to its quality care and attentive staffs. Nevertheless, the clinic rarely receives government funding and relies mostly on foreign donors to continue opening its doors to provide medical care to those in need.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_28.JPG
  • Terry is seen inside the Emergency Room of Wamena’s hospital.  Terry (25) had stopped taking his ARV medication because he lived too far from the health center that provided refills and follow-up care.<br />
<br />
Terry traveled hundreds of miles from his village in Lani Jaya to reach the main hospital in Wamena.  His family paid over $100 to charter a vehicle for transportation.  Already in the late stages of AIDS (Stage 4), Terry was carried onto a stretcher because he was too weak to walk.  He had stopped taking his ARV medication because he lived too far from the health center that provided refills and follow-up care.   <br />
<br />
<br />
Many health facilities that provide services and support for HIV/AIDS are located mainly in cities, far away from the majority of indigenous Papuans who live in rural villages.  Due to Papua's arduous terrain, these health centers are often reachable only by planes or sport utility vehicles.  However, the high costs of fuel and expensive fare for transportation means that native Papuans living outside urban settings have limited access to essential care and treatment.<br />
<br />
In Jayawijaya, a mountainous region in central Papua, the average cost for a round trip on public transportation to a neighboring town could cost as much as one's daily earning.  Gas can cost up to $20 per gallon and one might have to travel a full day or more just to reach the nearest health center.  As a result, those who are too sick to make the long journey or cannot afford to pay for transportation end up without treatment.  And those who are fortunate enough to get to a clinic or hospital often wait too long before making the trip.  In many cases, they arrive at the medical center in critical condition with little hope of surviving.
    _MG_6666.jpg
  • Terry’s mother looks after her son who is in the late stages of AIDS (Stage 4) inside the Emergency Room.  Terry (25) had stopped taking his ARV medication because he lived too far from the health center that provided refills and follow-up care.<br />
<br />
Terry traveled hundreds of miles from his village in Lani Jaya to reach the main hospital in Wamena.  His family paid over $100 to charter a vehicle for transportation.  Already in the late stages of AIDS (Stage 4), Terry was carried onto a stretcher because he was too weak to walk.  He had stopped taking his ARV medication because he lived too far from the health center that provided refills and follow-up care.   <br />
<br />
<br />
Many health facilities that provide services and support for HIV/AIDS are located mainly in cities, far away from the majority of indigenous Papuans who live in rural villages.  Due to Papua's arduous terrain, these health centers are often reachable only by planes or sport utility vehicles.  However, the high costs of fuel and expensive fare for transportation means that native Papuans living outside urban settings have limited access to essential care and treatment.<br />
<br />
In Jayawijaya, a mountainous region in central Papua, the average cost for a round trip on public transportation to a neighboring town could cost as much as one's daily earning.  Gas can cost up to $20 per gallon and one might have to travel a full day or more just to reach the nearest health center.  As a result, those who are too sick to make the long journey or cannot afford to pay for transportation end up without treatment.  And those who are fortunate enough to get to a clinic or hospital often wait too long before making the trip.  In many cases, they arrive at the medical center in critical condition with little hope of surviving.
    _MG_6630.jpg
  • Eddie's mother and aunt mourn his lifeless body just moments after he died from AIDS.<br />
<br />
Eddie (30) was a schoolteacher in Jayapura.  Despite his education and access to health facilities in the city, Eddie didn't seek medical treatment for HIV because he was afraid that his friends and family would find out about his status.  Eddie returned to his village in Wamena when his health declined, and his immediate family cared for him.  He stayed in a traditional hut (honai) and avoided clinical treatment.  The virus progressed into the later stages of AIDS.  When Eddie's condition became critical, his family finally brought him to the hospital and he arrived on the brink of death.  His CD4 or white blood cell count was 1, when a normal person would have at least 700.  Family members gathered everyday at his bedside, waiting for the inevitable.  Despite doctors' attempt to stabilize his condition Eddie passed away within less than a week.<br />
<br />
Stigma significantly reduces the quality of life and increases the likelihood of suffering and mortality for indigenous Papuans living with HIV/AIDS.  ODHA (Orang Dengan HIV/AIDS) is the term often used to label a person living with HIV/AIDS.  This label has a negative connotation since HIV/AIDS is frequently associated with dishonor and death and it is often viewed as a curse or retribution for sins or deviant behaviors such as alcoholism, promiscuity, and extra marital sex.  Thus, shame, guilt and death go hand in hand with how Papuans see HIV/AIDS.  Consequently, fear of abuse, persecution, and ostracism from family members and the wider community has made secrecy the primary concern for ODHA rather than seeking treatment.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_37.JPG
  • Unconscious, a tear rolls off Mandisa's face as she lay on the hospital bed at the brink of death. <br />
<br />
Mandisa (25) who is in the late stage of AIDS clings to her life.  After being sick for many months, Mandisa's family finally brought her to the hospital to get medical treatment.  Due to a lack of experienced health staff, family and friends must stay by her side the entire time.  Her condition suddenly deteriorated overnight and her body went into a state of shock and she lost consciousness.<br />
<br />
In Papua, all indigenous Papuans have access to health insurance, called Jamkesmas or Jaminan Kesehatan Masyarakat Miskin, provided at no cost by the provincial government. However, inadequate facilities, limited availability of medical equipment and medicines, and inexperienced health staff have made it difficult for indigenous Papuans to get tested for HIV/AIDS and receive quality assistance, counseling, and long-term care.  Many health staff in Papua still lacks medical training to run and manage Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) clinics.  In other places, even when health personnel have sufficient training, their clinics are often overcrowded and inadequate, lacking proper equipment such as testing reagents, centrifuge, HIV rapid tests, CD4 machines, and medicines to treat opportunistic infection and antiretroviral therapies.  In some cases, health care workers fail to monitor and maintain the availability of necessary supplies and medicines to avoid shortages.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_21.JPG
  • Pastor Leo prays for an HIV-positive patient with Tuberculosis at Klinik Kalvari. The pastor sole responsibility is to provide spiritual support for every patient before they leave the clinic.<br />
<br />
Opened in 2006, Klinik Kalvari has been providing quality care to mostly indigenous Papuans in Wamena and they've helped hundreds of patients in the past.  They focus on diseases such as Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and Sexual Transmitted Disease (STD). The clinic offers free Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) for HIV/AIDS and ART (Anti- Retroviral Therapy).  Many indigenous Papuans prefer to go to here than the overcrowded government public health clinic due to its quality care and attentive staffs. Nevertheless, the clinic rarely receives government funding and relies mostly on foreign donors to continue opening its doors to provide medical care to those in need.
    AgainstAllOdds_Final_34.JPG
  • The lab's counter at the public health clinic in Wamena. There are only 3 lab technicians working in the lab who are overwhelmed with the responsibility to test for various illnesses including sexual transmitted diseases, Tuberculosis, HIV, etc.<br />
<br />
In Papua, all indigenous Papuans have access to health insurance, called Jamkesmas or Jaminan Kesehatan Masyarakat Miskin, provided at no cost by the provincial government. However, inadequate facilities, limited availability of medical equipment and medicines, and inexperienced health staff have made it difficult for indigenous Papuans to get tested for HIV/AIDS and receive quality assistance, counseling, and long-term care.  Many health staff in Papua still lacks medical training to run and manage VCT clinics.  In other places, even when health personnel have sufficient training, their clinics are often overcrowded and inadequate, lacking proper equipment such as testing reagents, centrifuge, HIV rapid tests, CD4 machines, and medicines to treat opportunistic infection and antiretroviral therapies.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_31.JPG
  • Hospital staffs and family members carry Eddy's body to be transported back to his village.  <br />
<br />
Eddie (30) was a schoolteacher in Jayapura.  Despite his education and access to health facilities in the city, Eddie did not seek medical treatment when he was diagnosed with HIV because he was afraid that his friends and family members would find out.  Instead, Eddie returned to his village when his health declined.  He stayed in his parents' honai but kept his illness a secret and did not seek clinical treatment.  The virus progressed into the later stages of AIDS.  When Eddie's condition became life threatening, his family finally brought him to the hospital and he arrived in critical condition.  His CD4 or white blood cell count was 1, when a typical count is 700.  Family members gathered everyday at his bedside, waiting and praying.  Despite doctors' attempt to stabilize his condition Eddie passed away in less than a week.  Eddie's body was brought back to his village. Family members, friends, and neighbors mourned his death.  The following day, Eddie was buried and hundreds of people, including colleagues and students, attended his funeral.<br />
<br />
Stigma significantly reduces the quality of life and increases the likelihood of suffering and mortality for indigenous Papuans living with HIV/AIDS.  ODHA (Orang Dengan HIV/AIDS) is the term often used to label a person living with HIV/AIDS.  This label has a negative connotation since HIV/AIDS is frequently associated with dishonor and death and it is often viewed as a curse or retribution for sins or deviant behaviors such as alcoholism, promiscuity, and extra marital sex.  Thus, shame, guilt and death go hand in hand with how Papuans see HIV/AIDS.  Consequently, fear of abuse, persecution, and ostracism from family members and the wider community has made secrecy the primary concern for ODHA rather than seeking treatment.
    Against All Odds_37.JPG
  • Back in his village, Eddie’s family members and friends mourn his death.   <br />
<br />
Eddie (30) was a schoolteacher in Jayapura.  Despite his education and access to health facilities in the city, Eddie didn't seek medical treatment for HIV because he was afraid that his friends and family would find out about his status.  Eddie returned to his village in Wamena when his health declined, and his immediate family cared for him.  He stayed in a traditional hut (honai) and avoided clinical treatment.  The virus progressed into the later stages of AIDS.  When Eddie's condition became critical, his family finally brought him to the hospital and he arrived on the brink of death.  His CD4 or white blood cell count was 1, when a normal person would have at least 700.  Family members gathered everyday at his bedside, waiting for the inevitable.  Despite doctors' attempt to stabilize his condition Eddie passed away within less than a week.<br />
<br />
Stigma significantly reduces the quality of life and increases the likelihood of suffering and mortality for indigenous Papuans living with HIV/AIDS.  ODHA (Orang Dengan HIV/AIDS) is the term often used to label a person living with HIV/AIDS.  This label has a negative connotation since HIV/AIDS is frequently associated with dishonor and death and it is often viewed as a curse or retribution for sins or deviant behaviors such as alcoholism, promiscuity, and extra marital sex.  Thus, shame, guilt and death go hand in hand with how Papuans see HIV/AIDS.  Consequently, fear of abuse, persecution, and ostracism from family members and the wider community has made secrecy the primary concern for ODHA rather than seeking treatment.
    _MG_7920.jpg
  • Pastor Leo prays for an HIV-positive patient with Tuberculosis at Klinik Kalvari. The pastor sole responsibility is to provide spiritual support for every patient before they leave the clinic.<br />
<br />
Opened in 2006, Klinik Kalvari has been providing quality care to mostly indigenous Papuans in Wamena and they've helped hundreds of patients in the past.  They focus on diseases such as Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and Sexual Transmitted Disease (STD). The clinic offers free Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) for HIV/AIDS and ART (Anti- Retroviral Therapy).  Many indigenous Papuans prefer to go to here than the overcrowded government public health clinic due to its quality care and attentive staffs. Nevertheless, the clinic rarely receives government funding and relies mostly on foreign donors to continue opening its doors to provide medical care to those in need.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_35.JPG
  • Eddie’s family members carry his body back to his village from the hospital.  <br />
<br />
Eddie (30) was a schoolteacher in Jayapura.  Despite his education and access to health facilities in the city, Eddie didn't seek medical treatment for HIV because he was afraid that his friends and family would find out about his status.  Eddie returned to his village in Wamena when his health declined, and his immediate family cared for him.  He stayed in a traditional hut (honai) and avoided clinical treatment.  The virus progressed into the later stages of AIDS.  When Eddie's condition became critical, his family finally brought him to the hospital and he arrived on the brink of death.  His CD4 or white blood cell count was 1, when a normal person would have at least 700.  Family members gathered everyday at his bedside, waiting for the inevitable.  Despite doctors' attempt to stabilize his condition Eddie passed away within less than a week.<br />
<br />
Stigma significantly reduces the quality of life and increases the likelihood of suffering and mortality for indigenous Papuans living with HIV/AIDS.  ODHA (Orang Dengan HIV/AIDS) is the term often used to label a person living with HIV/AIDS.  This label has a negative connotation since HIV/AIDS is frequently associated with dishonor and death and it is often viewed as a curse or retribution for sins or deviant behaviors such as alcoholism, promiscuity, and extra marital sex.  Thus, shame, guilt and death go hand in hand with how Papuans see HIV/AIDS.  Consequently, fear of abuse, persecution, and ostracism from family members and the wider community has made secrecy the primary concern for ODHA rather than seeking treatment.
    _MG_7829.jpg
  • Eddie's casket is lowered into the ground. Hundreds of people including family members, friends, neighbors, colleagues, and students attended his funeral.<br />
<br />
Eddie (30) was a schoolteacher in Jayapura.  Despite his education and access to health facilities in the city, Eddie didn't seek medical treatment for HIV because he was afraid that his friends and family would find out about his status.  Eddie returned to his village in Wamena when his health declined, and his immediate family cared for him.  He stayed in a traditional hut (honai) and avoided clinical treatment.  The virus progressed into the later stages of AIDS.  When Eddie's condition became critical, his family finally brought him to the hospital and he arrived on the brink of death.  His CD4 or white blood cell count was 1, when a normal person would have at least 700.  Family members gathered everyday at his bedside, waiting for the inevitable.  Despite doctors' attempt to stabilize his condition Eddie passed away within less than a week.<br />
<br />
Stigma significantly reduces the quality of life and increases the likelihood of suffering and mortality for indigenous Papuans living with HIV/AIDS.  ODHA (Orang Dengan HIV/AIDS) is the term often used to label a person living with HIV/AIDS.  This label has a negative connotation since HIV/AIDS is frequently associated with dishonor and death and it is often viewed as a curse or retribution for sins or deviant behaviors such as alcoholism, promiscuity, and extra marital sex.  Thus, shame, guilt and death go hand in hand with how Papuans see HIV/AIDS.  Consequently, fear of abuse, persecution, and ostracism from family members and the wider community has made secrecy the primary concern for ODHA rather than seeking treatment.
    Against All Odds_38.JPG
  • Unconscious, a tear rolls off Mandisa's face as she lay on the hospital bed at the brink of death. <br />
<br />
Mandisa (25) who is in the late stage of AIDS clings to her life.  After being sick for many months, Mandisa's family finally brought her to the hospital to get medical treatment.  Due to a lack of experienced health staff, family and friends must stay by her side the entire time.  Her condition suddenly deteriorated overnight and her body went into a state of shock and she lost consciousness.<br />
<br />
In Papua, all indigenous Papuans have access to health insurance, called Jamkesmas or Jaminan Kesehatan Masyarakat Miskin, provided at no cost by the provincial government. However, inadequate facilities, limited availability of medical equipment and medicines, and inexperienced health staff have made it difficult for indigenous Papuans to get tested for HIV/AIDS and receive quality assistance, counseling, and long-term care.  Many health staff in Papua still lacks medical training to run and manage Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) clinics.  In other places, even when health personnel have sufficient training, their clinics are often overcrowded and inadequate, lacking proper equipment such as testing reagents, centrifuge, HIV rapid tests, CD4 machines, and medicines to treat opportunistic infection and antiretroviral therapies.  In some cases, health care workers fail to monitor and maintain the availability of necessary supplies and medicines to avoid shortages.
    Against All Odds_21.JPG
  • Terry is seen inside the Emergency Room of Wamena’s hospital.  Terry (25) had stopped taking his ARV medication because he lived too far from the health center that provided refills and follow-up care.<br />
<br />
Terry traveled hundreds of miles from his village in Lani Jaya to reach the main hospital in Wamena.  His family paid over $100 to charter a vehicle for transportation.  Already in the late stages of AIDS (Stage 4), Terry was carried onto a stretcher because he was too weak to walk.  He had stopped taking his ARV medication because he lived too far from the health center that provided refills and follow-up care.   <br />
<br />
<br />
Many health facilities that provide services and support for HIV/AIDS are located mainly in cities, far away from the majority of indigenous Papuans who live in rural villages.  Due to Papua's arduous terrain, these health centers are often reachable only by planes or sport utility vehicles.  However, the high costs of fuel and expensive fare for transportation means that native Papuans living outside urban settings have limited access to essential care and treatment.<br />
<br />
In Jayawijaya, a mountainous region in central Papua, the average cost for a round trip on public transportation to a neighboring town could cost as much as one's daily earning.  Gas can cost up to $20 per gallon and one might have to travel a full day or more just to reach the nearest health center.  As a result, those who are too sick to make the long journey or cannot afford to pay for transportation end up without treatment.  And those who are fortunate enough to get to a clinic or hospital often wait too long before making the trip.  In many cases, they arrive at the medical center in critical condition with little hope of surviving.
    _MG_6666.jpg
  • Doctor Zanty, one of only 3 doctors at main hospital, checks the condition of Eddie who is in critical condition from AIDS.<br />
<br />
Eddie (30) was a schoolteacher in Jayapura.  Despite his education and access to health facilities in the city, Eddie didn't seek medical treatment for his HIV because he was afraid of friends and family finding out about his status.  Eddie returned to his village in Wamena when his health declined, and his immediate family cared for him.  He stayed in a traditional hut (honai) and avoided clinical treatment.  The virus progressed into the later stages of AIDS.  When Eddie's condition became critical, his family finally brought him to the hospital and he arrived on the brink of death.  His CD4 or white blood cell count was 1, when a normal person would have at least 700.  Family members gathered everyday at his bedside, waiting for the inevitable.  Despite doctors' attempt to stabilize his condition Eddie passed away within less than a week.<br />
<br />
Stigma significantly reduces the quality of life and increases the likelihood of suffering and mortality for indigenous Papuans living with HIV/AIDS.  ODHA (Orang Dengan HIV/AIDS) is the Indonesian term used to label a person living with HIV/AIDS.  This label has negative connotations since HIV/AIDS is often associated with, and viewed as a curse or retribution for personal misconduct and deviant behaviors such as sinful acts, alcoholism, promiscuity, "free sex"  (seks bebas), and extra marital sex.  Thus, shame, guilt and death go hand in hand with how Papuans see HIV/AIDS.  Many who test positive for HIV do not seek essential care because they are afraid of stigma and discrimination.  Consequently, fear of abuse, persecution and ostracism from family members and the wider community has made secrecy the primary concern for ODHA, rather than getting treatment.
    AgainstAllOdds_Final_35.JPG
  • Children and parents from the Husoak village outside of Wamena watch an educational movie on HIV/AIDS.  The film uses the local dialects and also entertaining and informative attracting hundreds of villagers to the showings.<br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most efficient ways to promote awareness and educate the public on HIV/AIDS is by playing informative movies at open forums.  In Wamena, YUKEMDI, a local NGO run by indigenous Papuans, plays an educational movie in rural villages that uses the local dialects and featuring native Papuans.  The film is both entertaining and informative often attracting hundreds of villagers to the showings.  Villagers receive additional information after watching the movie and are encouraged to ask questions in order to promote communication and open discussions.  However, these screenings are not conducted as often as they should be despite their effectiveness and demands from village elders.  YUKEMDI is unable to reach and provide HIV/AIDS education to rural villages because they have insufficient funding and support to cover the costs of fuel, transportation, and equipments for the movie screenings in remote communities.<br />
<br />
Better methods of education and more effective ways of delivering information on HIV/AIDS need to be implemented in Papua in order to effectively raise awareness and provide accurate and reliable information.  This is an essential step to educate and empower the public to make informed decisions and reduce their vulnerability to HIV infection.
    _MG_3104.jpg
  • Children from Husoak, a village just outside of Wamena, are photograph in front of a projector screen during an educational movie screening on HIV/AIDS conducted by Yukemdi.<br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most efficient ways to promote awareness and educate the public on HIV/AIDS is by playing informative movies at open forums.  In Wamena, YUKEMDI, a local NGO run by indigenous Papuans, plays an educational movie in rural villages that uses the local dialects and featuring native Papuans.  The film is both entertaining and informative often attracting hundreds of villagers to the showings.  Villagers receive additional information after watching the movie and are encouraged to ask questions in order to promote communication and open discussions.  However, these screenings are not conducted as often as they should be despite their effectiveness and demands from village elders.  YUKEMDI is unable to reach and provide HIV/AIDS education to rural villages because they have insufficient funding and support to cover the costs of fuel, transportation, and equipments for the movie screenings in remote communities.<br />
<br />
Better methods of education and more effective ways of delivering information on HIV/AIDS need to be implemented in Papua in order to effectively raise awareness and provide accurate and reliable information.  This is an essential step to educate and empower the public to make informed decisions and reduce their vulnerability to HIV infection.
    Portrait_Papua_1.JPG
  • Eddie's casket is lowered into the ground. Hundreds of people including family members, friends, neighbors, colleagues, and students attended his funeral.<br />
<br />
Eddie (30) was a schoolteacher in Jayapura.  Despite his education and access to health facilities in the city, Eddie didn't seek medical treatment for HIV because he was afraid that his friends and family would find out about his status.  Eddie returned to his village in Wamena when his health declined, and his immediate family cared for him.  He stayed in a traditional hut (honai) and avoided clinical treatment.  The virus progressed into the later stages of AIDS.  When Eddie's condition became critical, his family finally brought him to the hospital and he arrived on the brink of death.  His CD4 or white blood cell count was 1, when a normal person would have at least 700.  Family members gathered everyday at his bedside, waiting for the inevitable.  Despite doctors' attempt to stabilize his condition Eddie passed away within less than a week.<br />
<br />
Stigma significantly reduces the quality of life and increases the likelihood of suffering and mortality for indigenous Papuans living with HIV/AIDS.  ODHA (Orang Dengan HIV/AIDS) is the term often used to label a person living with HIV/AIDS.  This label has a negative connotation since HIV/AIDS is frequently associated with dishonor and death and it is often viewed as a curse or retribution for sins or deviant behaviors such as alcoholism, promiscuity, and extra marital sex.  Thus, shame, guilt and death go hand in hand with how Papuans see HIV/AIDS.  Consequently, fear of abuse, persecution, and ostracism from family members and the wider community has made secrecy the primary concern for ODHA rather than seeking treatment.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_39.JPG
  • Children and parents from the Husoak village outside of Wamena watch an educational movie on HIV/AIDS.<br />
<br />
Perhaps one of the most efficient ways to promote awareness and educate the public on HIV/AIDS is by playing informative movies at open forums.  In Wamena, YUKEMDI, a local NGO run by indigenous Papuans, plays an educational movie in rural villages that uses the local dialects and featuring native Papuans.  The film is both entertaining and informative often attracting hundreds of villagers to the showings.  Villagers receive additional information after watching the movie and are encouraged to ask questions in order to promote communication and open discussions.  However, these screenings are not conducted as often as they should be despite their effectiveness and demands from village elders.  YUKEMDI is unable to reach and provide HIV/AIDS education to rural villages because they have insufficient funding and support to cover the costs of fuel, transportation, and equipments for the movie screenings in remote communities.<br />
<br />
Better methods of education and more effective ways of delivering information on HIV/AIDS need to be implemented in Papua in order to effectively raise awareness and provide accurate and reliable information.  This is an essential step to educate and empower the public to make informed decisions and reduce their vulnerability to HIV infection.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_03.JPG
  • Eddie's mother and aunt mourn his lifeless body just moments after he died from AIDS.<br />
<br />
Eddie (30) was a schoolteacher in Jayapura.  Despite his education and access to health facilities in the city, Eddie did not seek medical treatment when he was diagnosed with HIV because he was afraid that his friends and family members would find out.  Instead, Eddie returned to his village when his health declined.  He stayed in his parents' honai but kept his illness a secret and did not seek clinical treatment.  The virus progressed into the later stages of AIDS.  When Eddie's condition became life threatening, his family finally brought him to the hospital and he arrived in critical condition.  His CD4 or white blood cell count was 1, when a typical count is 700.  Family members gathered everyday at his bedside, waiting and praying.  Despite doctors' attempt to stabilize his condition Eddie passed away in less than a week.  Eddie's body was brought back to his village. Family members, friends, and neighbors mourned his death.  The following day, Eddie was buried and hundreds of people, including colleagues and students, attended his funeral.<br />
<br />
<br />
Stigma significantly reduces the quality of life and increases the likelihood of suffering and mortality for indigenous Papuans living with HIV/AIDS. ODHA (Orang Dengan HIV/AIDS) is the term often used to label a person living with HIV/AIDS. This label has a negative connotation since HIV/AIDS is frequently associated with dishonor and death and it is often viewed as a curse or retribution for sins or deviant behaviors such as alcoholism, promiscuity, and extra marital sex. Thus, shame, guilt and death go hand in hand with how Papuans see HIV/AIDS. Consequently, fear of abuse, persecution, and ostracism from family members and the wider community has made secrecy the primary concern for ODHA rather than seeking treatment.
    Against All Odds_36.JPG
  • Terry traveled hundreds of miles from his village in Lani Jaya to reach the main hospital in Wamena.  His family paid over $100 to charter a vehicle for transportation.  Already in the late stages of AIDS (Stage 4), Terry was carried onto a stretcher because he was too weak to walk.  He had stopped taking his ARV medication because he lived too far from the health center that provided refills and follow-up care.   <br />
<br />
<br />
Many health facilities that provide services and support for HIV/AIDS are located mainly in cities, far away from the majority of indigenous Papuans who live in rural villages.  Due to Papua's arduous terrain, these health centers are often reachable only by planes or sport utility vehicles.  However, the high costs of fuel and expensive fare for transportation means that native Papuans living outside urban settings have limited access to essential care and treatment.<br />
<br />
In Jayawijaya, a mountainous region in central Papua, the average cost for a round trip on public transportation to a neighboring town could cost as much as one's daily earning.  Gas can cost up to $20 per gallon and one might have to travel a full day or more just to reach the nearest health center.  As a result, those who are too sick to make the long journey or cannot afford to pay for transportation end up without treatment.  And those who are fortunate enough to get to a clinic or hospital often wait too long before making the trip.  In many cases, they arrive at the medical center in critical condition with little hope of surviving.
    AgainstAllOdds_Final_29.JPG
  • Ophira (18) has been HIV-positive for one year. She is recovering from her injuries after getting drunk and falling off her motorcycle. Despite her condition, Ophira does not take her ARV medication regularly and she rarely comes to the clinic for her check-up because she is afraid others would find out about her status.<br />
<br />
ODHA (Orang Dengan HIV/AIDS) is the term often used to label a person living with HIV/AIDS.  This label has a negative connotation since HIV/AIDS is frequently associated with dishonor and death and it is often viewed as a curse or retribution for sins or deviant behaviors such as alcoholism, promiscuity, and extra marital sex.  Thus, shame, guilt and death go hand in hand with how Papuans see HIV/AIDS.  Consequently, fear of abuse, persecution, and ostracism from family members and the wider community has made secrecy the primary concern for ODHA rather than seeking treatment.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_05.JPG
  • Young Papuans play soccer in an empty field near the airport in Wamena.
    AAO_Scans2_343.jpg
  • Mama Yuli greets the pastor after the Sunday sermon.<br />
<br />
In 2004 Mama Yuli contracted the HIV virus from her husband who later died from AIDS. At her worst point, Mama Yuli was just skin and bones weighing only 22 kilograms (48 pounds). With ARV she is now healthy to work and support her family.<br />
<br />
If taken properly and regularly, ARV has been proven to prolong the survival rate of people living with HIV/AIDS and enables them to live a productive life. The Indonesian government started providing ARV therapies in 2003. In that year only 7 packages of ARV were purchased for all of Papua. Each package cost approximately $5000. Today in Indonesia this vital medication can be obtained at no cost only in Papua but only 12% of those with HIV/AIDS are undergoing ARV therapy.<br />
<br />
Despite these advances, ARV is mostly available only in cities. Collaboration between health facilities in urban centers and staffs in rural areas to make ARV more accessible for patients living in the countryside is still lacking as well as the endorsement of ARV as a legitimate medicine for HIV/AIDS. Sometimes health staff and even educational materials still provide misleading information and perception such as "there is no medicine for HIV/AIDS."<br />
<br />
As a general practice health personnel often evaluate patients for their adherence in taking their medication and keeping up with appointments before allowing them to undergo ARV therapy. Indigenous Papuans tend to fall short of this assessment and fail to return for their check-up because many of them live too far from the health centers.  At times, they do not fully understand the benefits of ARV medication and the importance of taking them properly due to poor counseling from the health staff.  Also, many of them are unable to keep their appointments or take medication regularly because they still keep their status a secret from their immediate family members or spouse.
    _MG_8293.jpg
  • A family member finds a "worm" clinging to the wall of the pig's lungs that they believed to be the cause of HIV.<br />
<br />
One of the most common practices in the highlands to diagnose and cure HIV is by conducting a traditional ritual termed adat.  This involves killing a pig and examining its blood, heart, lungs, and kidney.  After cutting the pig open and inspecting its internal organs, the practitioners of adat remove what they interpret as parasites or cancerous parts that they believe caused the sickness.  Cleaning the pig's flesh by washing it with water would also "cure" the person's illness.  Performing the adat ritual is expensive since a pig can cost hundreds of dollars.  The treatment does not work despite the strong cultural belief behind it.  In the end, after killing numerous pigs and spending a fortune, many people give up hope.  By the time they finally decide to go to the hospital, their condition is too critical with little chance for survival.<br />
<br />
Due to a lack of HIV/AIDS education, limited access to health services, and strong pre-existing cultural beliefs about illness, many Papuans who are desperate for a cure turn to alternative medicines and traditional methods of healing.  Sometimes it involves cutting different parts of the body to drain "dirty" blood believed to cause the sickness.  Fruit potions such as the renowned red fruit potion (buah merah) are also extremely popular for its perceived healing capability.  In some cases, those who are already taking ARV medication abandon it to take expensive alternative medications such as Herbal Life vitamin supplements because they are promised an immediate cure.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_23.JPG
  • A freshly killed pig that David purchased for $300 to conduct the adat ritual. <br />
<br />
One of the most common practices in the highlands to diagnose and cure HIV is by conducting a traditional ritual termed adat.  This involves killing a pig and examining its blood, heart, lungs, and kidney.  After cutting the pig open and inspecting its internal organs, the practitioners of adat remove what they interpret as parasites or cancerous parts that they believe caused the sickness.  Cleaning the pig's flesh by washing it with water would also "cure" the person's illness.  Performing the adat ritual is expensive since a pig can cost hundreds of dollars.  The treatment does not work despite the strong cultural belief behind it.  In the end, after killing numerous pigs and spending a fortune, many people give up hope.  By the time they finally decide to go to the hospital, their condition is too critical with little chance for survival.<br />
<br />
Due to a lack of HIV/AIDS education, limited access to health services, and strong pre-existing cultural beliefs about illness, many Papuans who are desperate for a cure turn to alternative medicines and traditional methods of healing.  Sometimes it involves cutting different parts of the body to drain "dirty" blood believed to cause the sickness.  Fruit potions such as the renowned red fruit potion (buah merah) are also extremely popular for its perceived healing capability.  In some cases, those who are already taking ARV medication abandon it to take expensive alternative medications such as Herbal Life vitamin supplements because they are promised an immediate cure.
    _MG_4598.jpg
  • Mountainous terrain of Papua seen from above.<br />
<br />
It is estimated that at least 3% of 2.5 million inhabitants in Papua is already infected with HIV/AIDS. However, the prevalence rate for HIV among indigenous Papuans is estimated at 7% and they account for 75% of the total number of recorded infection.The people of Papua are living and dying in the midst of the fastest growing epidemic in Asia.
    XD1A8320.jpg
  • A family member finds a "worm" clinging to the wall of the pig's lungs that they believed to be the cause of HIV.<br />
<br />
One of the most common practices in the highlands to diagnose and cure HIV is by conducting a traditional ritual termed adat.  This involves killing a pig and examining its blood, heart, lungs, and kidney.  After cutting the pig open and inspecting its internal organs, the practitioners of adat remove what they interpret as parasites or cancerous parts that they believe caused the sickness.  Cleaning the pig's flesh by washing it with water would also "cure" the person's illness.  Performing the adat ritual is expensive since a pig can cost hundreds of dollars.  The treatment does not work despite the strong cultural belief behind it.  In the end, after killing numerous pigs and spending a fortune, many people give up hope.  By the time they finally decide to go to the hospital, their condition is too critical with little chance for survival.<br />
<br />
Due to a lack of HIV/AIDS education, limited access to health services, and strong pre-existing cultural beliefs about illness, many Papuans who are desperate for a cure turn to alternative medicines and traditional methods of healing.  Sometimes it involves cutting different parts of the body to drain "dirty" blood believed to cause the sickness.  Fruit potions such as the renowned red fruit potion (buah merah) are also extremely popular for its perceived healing capability.  In some cases, those who are already taking ARV medication abandon it to take expensive alternative medications such as Herbal Life vitamin supplements because they are promised an immediate cure.
    Against All Odds_23.JPG
  • Mama Yuli comforts her granddaughter Anace (8). They are very close. In 2004 Mama Yuli contracted the HIV virus from her husband who later died from AIDS. At her worst point, Mama Yuli was just skin and bones weighing only 22 kilograms (48 pounds). With ARV she is now healthy to work and support her family.<br />
<br />
If taken properly and regularly, ARV has been proven to prolong the survival rate of people living with HIV/AIDS and enables them to live a productive life. The Indonesian government started providing ARV therapies in 2003. In that year only 7 packages of ARV were purchased for all of Papua. Each package cost approximately $5000. Today in Indonesia this vital medication can be obtained at no cost only in Papua but only 12% of those with HIV/AIDS are undergoing ARV therapy.<br />
<br />
Despite these advances, ARV is mostly available only in cities. Collaboration between health facilities in urban centers and staffs in rural areas to make ARV more accessible for patients living in the countryside is still lacking as well as the endorsement of ARV as a legitimate medicine for HIV/AIDS. Sometimes health staff and even educational materials still provide misleading information and perception such as "there is no medicine for HIV/AIDS."<br />
<br />
As a general practice health personnel often evaluate patients for their adherence in taking their medication and keeping up with appointments before allowing them to undergo ARV therapy. Indigenous Papuans tend to fall short of this assessment and fail to return for their check-up because many of them live too far from the health centers.  At times, they do not fully understand the benefits of ARV medication and the importance of taking them properly due to poor counseling from the health staff.  Also, many of them are unable to keep their appointments or take medication regularly because they still keep their status a secret from their immediate family members or spouse.
    Against All Odds_17.JPG
  • Mama Yuli holds two ARV pills in her hands on the 8th year anniversary of undergoing Anti Retroviral Treatment (ART). In 2004 Mama Yuli contracted the HIV virus from her husband who later died from AIDS. At her worst point, Mama Yuli was just skin and bones weighing only 22 kilograms (48 pounds). With ARV she is now healthy to work and support her family.<br />
<br />
If taken properly and regularly, ARV has been proven to prolong the survival rate of people living with HIV/AIDS and enables them to live a productive life. The Indonesian government started providing ARV therapies in 2003. In that year only 7 packages of ARV were purchased for all of Papua. Each package cost approximately $5000. Today in Indonesia this vital medication can be obtained at no cost only in Papua but only 12% of those with HIV/AIDS are undergoing ARV therapy.<br />
<br />
Despite these advances, ARV is mostly available only in cities. Collaboration between health facilities in urban centers and staffs in rural areas to make ARV more accessible for patients living in the countryside is still lacking as well as the endorsement of ARV as a legitimate medicine for HIV/AIDS. Sometimes health staff and even educational materials still provide misleading information and perception such as "there is no medicine for HIV/AIDS."<br />
<br />
As a general practice health personnel often evaluate patients for their adherence in taking their medication and keeping up with appointments before allowing them to undergo ARV therapy. Indigenous Papuans tend to fall short of this assessment and fail to return for their check-up because many of them live too far from the health centers.  At times, they do not fully understand the benefits of ARV medication and the importance of taking them properly due to poor counseling from the health staff.  Also, many of them are unable to keep their appointments or take medication regularly because they still keep their status a secret from their immediate family members or spouse.
    Against All Odds_18.JPG
  • Mama Yuli embraces her granddaughter Anace (8).  They are very close. In 2004 Mama Yuli contracted the HIV virus from her husband who later died from AIDS. At her worst point, Mama Yuli was just skin and bones weighing only 22 kilograms (48 pounds). With ARV she is now healthy to work and support her family.<br />
<br />
If taken properly and regularly, ARV has been proven to prolong the survival rate of people living with HIV/AIDS and enables them to live a productive life. The Indonesian government started providing ARV therapies in 2003. In that year only 7 packages of ARV were purchased for all of Papua. Each package cost approximately $5000. Today in Indonesia this vital medication can be obtained at no cost only in Papua but only 12% of those with HIV/AIDS are undergoing ARV therapy.<br />
<br />
Despite these advances, ARV is mostly available only in cities. Collaboration between health facilities in urban centers and staffs in rural areas to make ARV more accessible for patients living in the countryside is still lacking as well as the endorsement of ARV as a legitimate medicine for HIV/AIDS. Sometimes health staff and even educational materials still provide misleading information and perception such as "there is no medicine for HIV/AIDS."<br />
<br />
As a general practice health personnel often evaluate patients for their adherence in taking their medication and keeping up with appointments before allowing them to undergo ARV therapy. Indigenous Papuans tend to fall short of this assessment and fail to return for their check-up because many of them live too far from the health centers.  At times, they do not fully understand the benefits of ARV medication and the importance of taking them properly due to poor counseling from the health staff.  Also, many of them are unable to keep their appointments or take medication regularly because they still keep their status a secret from their immediate family members or spouse.
    _MG_8382.jpg
  • People are seen bathing and washing clothes are Wouma River in Wamena, Jayawijaya district, a mountainous region in Papua.<br />
<br />
It is estimated that at least 3% of 2.5 million inhabitants in Papua is already infected with HIV/AIDS.  However, the prevalence rate for HIV among indigenous Papuans is estimated at 7% and they account for 75% of the total number of recorded infection.  Currently, Wamena has 1,894 recorded HIV/AIDS cases and the number continues to rise.  HIV/AIDS is spreading at an alarming rate impacting the general population including children, men and women, husbands and wives, young and old, families and communities.
    Against All Odds_06.JPG
  • A freshly killed pig that David purchased for $300 to conduct the adat ritual. <br />
<br />
One of the most common practices in the highlands to diagnose and cure HIV is by conducting a traditional ritual termed adat.  This involves killing a pig and examining its blood, heart, lungs, and kidney.  After cutting the pig open and inspecting its internal organs, the practitioners of adat remove what they interpret as parasites or cancerous parts that they believe caused the sickness.  Cleaning the pig's flesh by washing it with water would also "cure" the person's illness.  Performing the adat ritual is expensive since a pig can cost hundreds of dollars.  The treatment does not work despite the strong cultural belief behind it.  In the end, after killing numerous pigs and spending a fortune, many people give up hope.  By the time they finally decide to go to the hospital, their condition is too critical with little chance for survival.<br />
<br />
Due to a lack of HIV/AIDS education, limited access to health services, and strong pre-existing cultural beliefs about illness, many Papuans who are desperate for a cure turn to alternative medicines and traditional methods of healing.  Sometimes it involves cutting different parts of the body to drain "dirty" blood believed to cause the sickness.  Fruit potions such as the renowned red fruit potion (buah merah) are also extremely popular for its perceived healing capability.  In some cases, those who are already taking ARV medication abandon it to take expensive alternative medications such as Herbal Life vitamin supplements because they are promised an immediate cure.
    _MG_4598.jpg
  • David’s family members examine the pig’s internal organs to search for the cause of his illness during the adat ritual. <br />
<br />
One of the most common practices in the highlands to diagnose and cure HIV is by conducting a traditional ritual termed adat.  This involves killing a pig and examining its blood, heart, lungs, and kidney.  After cutting the pig open and inspecting its internal organs, the practitioners of adat remove what they interpret as parasites or cancerous parts that they believe caused the sickness.  Cleaning the pig's flesh by washing it with water would also "cure" the person's illness.  Performing the adat ritual is expensive since a pig can cost hundreds of dollars.  The treatment does not work despite the strong cultural belief behind it.  In the end, after killing numerous pigs and spending a fortune, many people give up hope.  By the time they finally decide to go to the hospital, their condition is too critical with little chance for survival.<br />
<br />
Due to a lack of HIV/AIDS education, limited access to health services, and strong pre-existing cultural beliefs about illness, many Papuans who are desperate for a cure turn to alternative medicines and traditional methods of healing.  Sometimes it involves cutting different parts of the body to drain "dirty" blood believed to cause the sickness.  Fruit potions such as the renowned red fruit potion (buah merah) are also extremely popular for its perceived healing capability.  In some cases, those who are already taking ARV medication abandon it to take expensive alternative medications such as Herbal Life vitamin supplements because they are promised an immediate cure.
    _MG_4718.jpg
  • Mama Yuli embraces her granddaughter, Anace (8). They are very close. In 2004 Mama Yuli contracted the HIV virus from her husband who later died from AIDS. At her worst point, Mama Yuli was just skin and bones weighing only 22 kilograms (48 pounds). With ARV she is now healthy to work and support her family.<br />
<br />
If taken properly and regularly, ARV has been proven to prolong the survival rate of people living with HIV/AIDS and enables them to live a productive life. The Indonesian government started providing ARV therapies in 2003. In that year only 7 packages of ARV were purchased for all of Papua. Each package cost approximately $5000. Today in Indonesia this vital medication can be obtained at no cost only in Papua but only 12% of those with HIV/AIDS are undergoing ARV therapy.<br />
<br />
Despite these advances, ARV is mostly available only in cities. Collaboration between health facilities in urban centers and staffs in rural areas to make ARV more accessible for patients living in the countryside is still lacking as well as the endorsement of ARV as a legitimate medicine for HIV/AIDS. Sometimes health staff and even educational materials still provide misleading information and perception such as "there is no medicine for HIV/AIDS."<br />
<br />
As a general practice health personnel often evaluate patients for their adherence in taking their medication and keeping up with appointments before allowing them to undergo ARV therapy. Indigenous Papuans tend to fall short of this assessment and fail to return for their check-up because many of them live too far from the health centers.  At times, they do not fully understand the benefits of ARV medication and the importance of taking them properly due to poor counseling from the health staff.  Also, many of them are unable to keep their appointments or take medication regularly because they still keep their status a secret from their immediate family members or spouse.
    _MG_8410.jpg
  • Mama Yuli socializes with her friends after the Sunday sermon. <br />
<br />
In 2004 Mama Yuli contracted the HIV virus from her husband who later died from AIDS. At her worst point, Mama Yuli was just skin and bones weighing only 22 kilograms (48 pounds). With ARV she is now healthy to work and support her family.<br />
<br />
If taken properly and regularly, ARV has been proven to prolong the survival rate of people living with HIV/AIDS and enables them to live a productive life. The Indonesian government started providing ARV therapies in 2003. In that year only 7 packages of ARV were purchased for all of Papua. Each package cost approximately $5000. Today in Indonesia this vital medication can be obtained at no cost only in Papua but only 12% of those with HIV/AIDS are undergoing ARV therapy.<br />
<br />
Despite these advances, ARV is mostly available only in cities. Collaboration between health facilities in urban centers and staffs in rural areas to make ARV more accessible for patients living in the countryside is still lacking as well as the endorsement of ARV as a legitimate medicine for HIV/AIDS. Sometimes health staff and even educational materials still provide misleading information and perception such as "there is no medicine for HIV/AIDS."<br />
<br />
As a general practice health personnel often evaluate patients for their adherence in taking their medication and keeping up with appointments before allowing them to undergo ARV therapy. Indigenous Papuans tend to fall short of this assessment and fail to return for their check-up because many of them live too far from the health centers.  At times, they do not fully understand the benefits of ARV medication and the importance of taking them properly due to poor counseling from the health staff.  Also, many of them are unable to keep their appointments or take medication regularly because they still keep their status a secret from their immediate family members or spouse.
    _MG_8303.jpg
  • Mama Yuli takes her ARV pills at eight o’clock every morning for the last eight years.<br />
<br />
In 2004 Mama Yuli contracted the HIV virus from her husband who later died from AIDS. At her worst point, Mama Yuli was just skin and bones weighing only 22 kilograms (48 pounds). With ARV she is now healthy to work and support her family.<br />
<br />
If taken properly and regularly, ARV has been proven to prolong the survival rate of people living with HIV/AIDS and enables them to live a productive life. The Indonesian government started providing ARV therapies in 2003. In that year only 7 packages of ARV were purchased for all of Papua. Each package cost approximately $5000. Today in Indonesia this vital medication can be obtained at no cost only in Papua but only 12% of those with HIV/AIDS are undergoing ARV therapy.<br />
<br />
Despite these advances, ARV is mostly available only in cities. Collaboration between health facilities in urban centers and staffs in rural areas to make ARV more accessible for patients living in the countryside is still lacking as well as the endorsement of ARV as a legitimate medicine for HIV/AIDS. Sometimes health staff and even educational materials still provide misleading information and perception such as "there is no medicine for HIV/AIDS."<br />
<br />
As a general practice health personnel often evaluate patients for their adherence in taking their medication and keeping up with appointments before allowing them to undergo ARV therapy. Indigenous Papuans tend to fall short of this assessment and fail to return for their check-up because many of them live too far from the health centers.  At times, they do not fully understand the benefits of ARV medication and the importance of taking them properly due to poor counseling from the health staff.  Also, many of them are unable to keep their appointments or take medication regularly because they still keep their status a secret from their immediate family members or spouse.
    _MG_8208.jpg
  • A family portrait of Mama Yuli with her two young daughters and granddaughter, Anace (8). <br />
<br />
In 2004 Mama Yuli contracted the HIV virus from her husband who later died from AIDS. At her worst point, Mama Yuli was just skin and bones weighing only 22 kilograms (48 pounds). With ARV she is now healthy to work and support her family.<br />
<br />
If taken properly and regularly, ARV has been proven to prolong the survival rate of people living with HIV/AIDS and enables them to live a productive life. The Indonesian government started providing ARV therapies in 2003. In that year only 7 packages of ARV were purchased for all of Papua. Each package cost approximately $5000. Today in Indonesia this vital medication can be obtained at no cost only in Papua but only 12% of those with HIV/AIDS are undergoing ARV therapy.<br />
<br />
Despite these advances, ARV is mostly available only in cities. Collaboration between health facilities in urban centers and staffs in rural areas to make ARV more accessible for patients living in the countryside is still lacking as well as the endorsement of ARV as a legitimate medicine for HIV/AIDS. Sometimes health staff and even educational materials still provide misleading information and perception such as "there is no medicine for HIV/AIDS."<br />
<br />
As a general practice health personnel often evaluate patients for their adherence in taking their medication and keeping up with appointments before allowing them to undergo ARV therapy. Indigenous Papuans tend to fall short of this assessment and fail to return for their check-up because many of them live too far from the health centers.  At times, they do not fully understand the benefits of ARV medication and the importance of taking them properly due to poor counseling from the health staff.  Also, many of them are unable to keep their appointments or take medication regularly because they still keep their status a secret from their immediate family members or spouse.
    _MG_8473.jpg
  • Mama Yuli walks to church to attend the Sunday sermon.<br />
<br />
In 2004 Mama Yuli contracted the HIV virus from her husband who later died from AIDS. At her worst point, Mama Yuli was just skin and bones weighing only 22 kilograms (48 pounds). With ARV she is now healthy to work and support her family.<br />
<br />
If taken properly and regularly, ARV has been proven to prolong the survival rate of people living with HIV/AIDS and enables them to live a productive life. The Indonesian government started providing ARV therapies in 2003. In that year only 7 packages of ARV were purchased for all of Papua. Each package cost approximately $5000. Today in Indonesia this vital medication can be obtained at no cost only in Papua but only 12% of those with HIV/AIDS are undergoing ARV therapy.<br />
<br />
Despite these advances, ARV is mostly available only in cities. Collaboration between health facilities in urban centers and staffs in rural areas to make ARV more accessible for patients living in the countryside is still lacking as well as the endorsement of ARV as a legitimate medicine for HIV/AIDS. Sometimes health staff and even educational materials still provide misleading information and perception such as "there is no medicine for HIV/AIDS."<br />
<br />
As a general practice health personnel often evaluate patients for their adherence in taking their medication and keeping up with appointments before allowing them to undergo ARV therapy. Indigenous Papuans tend to fall short of this assessment and fail to return for their check-up because many of them live too far from the health centers.  At times, they do not fully understand the benefits of ARV medication and the importance of taking them properly due to poor counseling from the health staff.  Also, many of them are unable to keep their appointments or take medication regularly because they still keep their status a secret from their immediate family members or spouse.
    _MG_8266.jpg
  • Mama Yuli comforts her granddaughter Anace (8). They are very close. In 2004 Mama Yuli contracted the HIV virus from her husband who later died from AIDS. At her worst point, Mama Yuli was just skin and bones weighing only 22 kilograms (48 pounds). With ARV she is now healthy to work and support her family.<br />
<br />
If taken properly and regularly, ARV has been proven to prolong the survival rate of people living with HIV/AIDS and enables them to live a productive life. The Indonesian government started providing ARV therapies in 2003. In that year only 7 packages of ARV were purchased for all of Papua. Each package cost approximately $5000. Today in Indonesia this vital medication can be obtained at no cost only in Papua but only 12% of those with HIV/AIDS are undergoing ARV therapy.<br />
<br />
Despite these advances, ARV is mostly available only in cities. Collaboration between health facilities in urban centers and staffs in rural areas to make ARV more accessible for patients living in the countryside is still lacking as well as the endorsement of ARV as a legitimate medicine for HIV/AIDS. Sometimes health staff and even educational materials still provide misleading information and perception such as "there is no medicine for HIV/AIDS."<br />
<br />
As a general practice health personnel often evaluate patients for their adherence in taking their medication and keeping up with appointments before allowing them to undergo ARV therapy. Indigenous Papuans tend to fall short of this assessment and fail to return for their check-up because many of them live too far from the health centers.  At times, they do not fully understand the benefits of ARV medication and the importance of taking them properly due to poor counseling from the health staff.  Also, many of them are unable to keep their appointments or take medication regularly because they still keep their status a secret from their immediate family members or spouse.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_17.JPG
  • Mama Yuli holds two ARV pills in her hands on the 8th year anniversary of undergoing Anti Retroviral Treatment (ART). In 2004 Mama Yuli contracted the HIV virus from her husband who later died from AIDS. At her worst point, Mama Yuli was just skin and bones weighing only 22 kilograms (48 pounds). With ARV she is now healthy to work and support her family.<br />
<br />
If taken properly and regularly, ARV has been proven to prolong the survival rate of people living with HIV/AIDS and enables them to live a productive life. The Indonesian government started providing ARV therapies in 2003. In that year only 7 packages of ARV were purchased for all of Papua. Each package cost approximately $5000. Today in Indonesia this vital medication can be obtained at no cost only in Papua but only 12% of those with HIV/AIDS are undergoing ARV therapy.<br />
<br />
Despite these advances, ARV is mostly available only in cities. Collaboration between health facilities in urban centers and staffs in rural areas to make ARV more accessible for patients living in the countryside is still lacking as well as the endorsement of ARV as a legitimate medicine for HIV/AIDS. Sometimes health staff and even educational materials still provide misleading information and perception such as "there is no medicine for HIV/AIDS."<br />
<br />
As a general practice health personnel often evaluate patients for their adherence in taking their medication and keeping up with appointments before allowing them to undergo ARV therapy. Indigenous Papuans tend to fall short of this assessment and fail to return for their check-up because many of them live too far from the health centers.  At times, they do not fully understand the benefits of ARV medication and the importance of taking them properly due to poor counseling from the health staff.  Also, many of them are unable to keep their appointments or take medication regularly because they still keep their status a secret from their immediate family members or spouse.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_18.JPG
  • People are seen bathing and washing clothes are Wouma River in Wamena, Jayawijaya district, a mountainous region in Papua.<br />
<br />
It is estimated that at least 3% of 2.5 million inhabitants in Papua is already infected with HIV/AIDS.  However, the prevalence rate for HIV among indigenous Papuans is estimated at 7% and they account for 75% of the total number of recorded infection.  Currently, Wamena has 1,894 recorded HIV/AIDS cases and the number continues to rise.  HIV/AIDS is spreading at an alarming rate impacting the general population including children, men and women, husbands and wives, young and old, families and communities.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_06.JPG
  • Mama Yuli eats lunch with her granddaughter, Anace (8). They are very close. In 2004 Mama Yuli contracted the HIV virus from her husband who later died from AIDS. At her worst point, Mama Yuli was just skin and bones weighing only 22 kilograms (48 pounds). With ARV she is now healthy to work and support her family.<br />
<br />
If taken properly and regularly, ARV has been proven to prolong the survival rate of people living with HIV/AIDS and enables them to live a productive life. The Indonesian government started providing ARV therapies in 2003. In that year only 7 packages of ARV were purchased for all of Papua. Each package cost approximately $5000. Today in Indonesia this vital medication can be obtained at no cost only in Papua but only 12% of those with HIV/AIDS are undergoing ARV therapy.<br />
<br />
Despite these advances, ARV is mostly available only in cities. Collaboration between health facilities in urban centers and staffs in rural areas to make ARV more accessible for patients living in the countryside is still lacking as well as the endorsement of ARV as a legitimate medicine for HIV/AIDS. Sometimes health staff and even educational materials still provide misleading information and perception such as "there is no medicine for HIV/AIDS."<br />
<br />
As a general practice health personnel often evaluate patients for their adherence in taking their medication and keeping up with appointments before allowing them to undergo ARV therapy. Indigenous Papuans tend to fall short of this assessment and fail to return for their check-up because many of them live too far from the health centers.  At times, they do not fully understand the benefits of ARV medication and the importance of taking them properly due to poor counseling from the health staff.  Also, many of them are unable to keep their appointments or take medication regularly because they still keep their status a secret from their immediate family members or spouse.
    _MG_8441.jpg
  • Mama Yuli takes her ARV pills at eight o’clock every morning for the last eight years.<br />
<br />
In 2004 Mama Yuli contracted the HIV virus from her husband who later died from AIDS. At her worst point, Mama Yuli was just skin and bones weighing only 22 kilograms (48 pounds). With ARV she is now healthy to work and support her family.<br />
<br />
If taken properly and regularly, ARV has been proven to prolong the survival rate of people living with HIV/AIDS and enables them to live a productive life. The Indonesian government started providing ARV therapies in 2003. In that year only 7 packages of ARV were purchased for all of Papua. Each package cost approximately $5000. Today in Indonesia this vital medication can be obtained at no cost only in Papua but only 12% of those with HIV/AIDS are undergoing ARV therapy.<br />
<br />
Despite these advances, ARV is mostly available only in cities. Collaboration between health facilities in urban centers and staffs in rural areas to make ARV more accessible for patients living in the countryside is still lacking as well as the endorsement of ARV as a legitimate medicine for HIV/AIDS. Sometimes health staff and even educational materials still provide misleading information and perception such as "there is no medicine for HIV/AIDS."<br />
<br />
As a general practice health personnel often evaluate patients for their adherence in taking their medication and keeping up with appointments before allowing them to undergo ARV therapy. Indigenous Papuans tend to fall short of this assessment and fail to return for their check-up because many of them live too far from the health centers.  At times, they do not fully understand the benefits of ARV medication and the importance of taking them properly due to poor counseling from the health staff.  Also, many of them are unable to keep their appointments or take medication regularly because they still keep their status a secret from their immediate family members or spouse.
    _MG_8211.jpg
  • A boy is seen on a beach at unset in Sorong, a city with the highest HIV/AIDS infection in West Papua.<br />
<br />
It is estimated that at least 3% of 2.5 million inhabitants in Papua is already infected with HIV/AIDS.  However, the prevalence rate for HIV among indigenous Papuans is estimated at 7% and they account for 75% of the total number of recorded infection.The people of Papua are living and dying in the midst of the fastest growing epidemic in Asia.  HIV/AIDS is spreading at an alarming rate impacting the general population including children, men and women, husbands and wives, young and old, families and communities. This epidemic, if unchecked, threatens their survival and jeopardizes the longevity of their future generations.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_40.JPG
  • Mama Yuli takes her ARV pills at eight o’clock every morning for the last eight years.<br />
<br />
In 2004 Mama Yuli contracted the HIV virus from her husband who later died from AIDS. At her worst point, Mama Yuli was just skin and bones weighing only 22 kilograms (48 pounds). With ARV she is now healthy to work and support her family.<br />
<br />
If taken properly and regularly, ARV has been proven to prolong the survival rate of people living with HIV/AIDS and enables them to live a productive life. The Indonesian government started providing ARV therapies in 2003. In that year only 7 packages of ARV were purchased for all of Papua. Each package cost approximately $5000. Today in Indonesia this vital medication can be obtained at no cost only in Papua but only 12% of those with HIV/AIDS are undergoing ARV therapy.<br />
<br />
Despite these advances, ARV is mostly available only in cities. Collaboration between health facilities in urban centers and staffs in rural areas to make ARV more accessible for patients living in the countryside is still lacking as well as the endorsement of ARV as a legitimate medicine for HIV/AIDS. Sometimes health staff and even educational materials still provide misleading information and perception such as "there is no medicine for HIV/AIDS."<br />
<br />
As a general practice health personnel often evaluate patients for their adherence in taking their medication and keeping up with appointments before allowing them to undergo ARV therapy. Indigenous Papuans tend to fall short of this assessment and fail to return for their check-up because many of them live too far from the health centers.  At times, they do not fully understand the benefits of ARV medication and the importance of taking them properly due to poor counseling from the health staff.  Also, many of them are unable to keep their appointments or take medication regularly because they still keep their status a secret from their immediate family members or spouse.
    _MG_8209.jpg
  • A pig is used to perform "adat", a traditional healing ritual in Tanah Papua.<br />
<br />
One of the most common practices in the highlands to diagnose and cure HIV is by conducting a traditional ritual termed adat.  This involves killing a pig and examining its blood, heart, lungs, and kidney.  After cutting the pig open and inspecting its internal organs, the practitioners of adat remove what they interpret as parasites or cancerous parts that they believe caused the sickness.  Cleaning the pig's flesh by washing it with water would also "cure" the person's illness.  Performing the adat ritual is expensive since a pig can cost hundreds of dollars.  The treatment does not work despite the strong cultural belief behind it.  In the end, after killing numerous pigs and spending a fortune, many people give up hope.  By the time they finally decide to go to the hospital, their condition is too critical with little chance for survival.<br />
<br />
Due to a lack of HIV/AIDS education, limited access to health services, and strong pre-existing cultural beliefs about illness, many Papuans who are desperate for a cure turn to alternative medicines and traditional methods of healing.  Sometimes it involves cutting different parts of the body to drain "dirty" blood believed to cause the sickness.  Fruit potions such as the renowned red fruit potion (buah merah) are also extremely popular for its perceived healing capability.  In some cases, those who are already taking ARV medication abandon it to take expensive alternative medications such as Herbal Life vitamin supplements because they are promised an immediate cure.
    Wesley_Web_10.JPG
  • Seen through a one-way mirror, sex workers wait to be chosen by a customer inside Bar Kharisma, a popular brothel in Jayapura, the capital of Papua.<br />
<br />
In Papua, prostitution is a profitable industry.  The influx of non-Papuan migrants into the region brings sanctioned prostitution.  Brothels, often disguised as clubs, karaoke bars, and massage parlors, hire mostly non-Papuan sex workers.  These formal establishments employ 4,000-plus sex workers who earn ten times more than their Papuan counterparts.  Above and beyond the financial discrepancy, the biggest difference between Indonesian brothel workers and Papuan sex workers is the disproportionate access to HIV preventive care and support.  Most HIV and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) intervention programs are geared towards sex workers in brothels.  For example, in Jayapura, the capital of Papua, there are over 30 brothels, and non-Papuan sex workers in these establishments undergo monitored testing and counseling for STDs every month, and for HIV every 3 months.  As a result, they are much better informed about HIV/AIDS and have better access to care and support than indigenous Papuan sex workers.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_04.JPG
  • Seen through a one-way mirror, sex workers wait to be chosen by a customer inside Bar Kharisma, a popular brothel in Jayapura, the capital of Papua.<br />
<br />
In Papua, prostitution is a profitable industry.  The influx of non-Papuan migrants into the region brings sanctioned prostitution.  Brothels, often disguised as clubs, karaoke bars, and massage parlors, hire mostly non-Papuan sex workers.  These formal establishments employ 4,000-plus sex workers who earn ten times more than their Papuan counterparts.  Above and beyond the financial discrepancy, the biggest difference between Indonesian brothel workers and Papuan sex workers is the disproportionate access to HIV preventive care and support.  Most HIV and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) intervention programs are geared towards sex workers in brothels.  For example, in Jayapura, the capital of Papua, there are over 30 brothels, and non-Papuan sex workers in these establishments undergo monitored testing and counseling for STDs every month, and for HIV every 3 months.  As a result, they are much better informed about HIV/AIDS and have better access to care and support than indigenous Papuan sex workers.
    Against All Odds_04.JPG
  • L-R: Roni (26) and Mecky (18), each wearing an apron with a diagram of the male and female reproduction organs, participate in a sexual reproduction and HIV/AIDS educational training conducted by the Public Health Development Foundation (YPKM).<br />
<br />
In Papua young teenagers are already having sex but HIV/AIDS education are still lacking. GIDI Baptist Church invited teenagers from surrounding villages in Wamena for a weeklong crash course on sex education, family planning, condom, sexual transmitted diseases (STD), and HIV/AIDS. These young adults will return to their villages to serve as peer counselors and provide information and support. However, despite the program's effectiveness, YPKM is lacking funding to continue this important educational course.<br />
<br />
For many Papuan youths, their first sexual encounter can take place during their early teenage years.  Some are sexually active by the time they reach puberty.  Life Skills Education (LSE), a curriculum designed by UNICEF that provides education on human reproduction, pregnancy, sex, Sexual Transmitted Diseases, and HIV/AIDS is taught in many high schools throughout Papua.  However, this essential educational course is mainly available in schools located in cities but not in rural areas.  Moreover, LSE does not reach many indigenous Papuan youths because many of them are not able to attend high school.  In most cases teachers responsible for teaching this course lack sufficient training and essential materials, such as books with up-to-date information and visual aids, to adequately educate their students.  They often encourage their students to seek additional information on the Internet.  Also, detailed information on condoms is regularly excluded in lectures and reading materials because of the general perception that it will endorse pre-marital sex.  As a result, students carry incomplete information, misconceptions and misunderstandings into adulthood, which increases their vulnerability to the epidemic.
    AgainstAllOdds_Final_13.JPG
  • L-R: Roni (26) and Mecky (18), each wearing an apron with a diagram of the male and female reproduction organs, participate in a sexual reproduction and HIV/AIDS educational training conducted by the Public Health Development Foundation (YPKM).<br />
<br />
In Papua young teenagers are already having sex but HIV/AIDS education are still lacking. GIDI Baptist Church invited teenagers from surrounding villages in Wamena for a weeklong crash course on sex education, family planning, condom, sexual transmitted diseases (STD), and HIV/AIDS. These young adults will return to their villages to serve as peer counselors and provide information and support. However, despite the program's effectiveness, YPKM is lacking funding to continue this important educational course.<br />
<br />
For many Papuan youths, their first sexual encounter can take place during their early teenage years.  Some are sexually active by the time they reach puberty.  Life Skills Education (LSE), a curriculum designed by UNICEF that provides education on human reproduction, pregnancy, sex, Sexual Transmitted Diseases, and HIV/AIDS is taught in many high schools throughout Papua.  However, this essential educational course is mainly available in schools located in cities but not in rural areas.  Moreover, LSE does not reach many indigenous Papuan youths because many of them are not able to attend high school.  In most cases teachers responsible for teaching this course lack sufficient training and essential materials, such as books with up-to-date information and visual aids, to adequately educate their students.  They often encourage their students to seek additional information on the Internet.  Also, detailed information on condoms is regularly excluded in lectures and reading materials because of the general perception that it will endorse pre-marital sex.  As a result, students carry incomplete information, misconceptions and misunderstandings into adulthood, which increases their vulnerability to the epidemic.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_13.JPG
  • A man wearing the traditional Papuan attire from the village Asolo Gaima located 40km from Wamena is getting tested for Sexual Transmitted Disease (STD) at the public health clinic.<br />
<br />
Sexual Transmitted Diseases increase the transmission of the HIV virus. In Papua, education HIV/AIDS and STD as well as condom promotion is significantly low.
    Against All Odds_22.JPG
  • A man wearing the traditional Papuan attire from the village Asolo Gaima located 40km from Wamena is getting tested for Sexual Transmitted Disease (STD) at the public health clinic.<br />
<br />
Sexual Transmitted Diseases increase the transmission of the HIV virus. In Papua, education HIV/AIDS and STD as well as condom promotion is significantly low.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_22.JPG
  • A portrait of Meri; a loving sister and daughter, an independent and beautiful Papuan woman.
    _MG_2948.JPG
  • A portrait of Meri; a loving sister and daughter, an independent and beautiful Papuan woman.
    _MG_2901.JPG
  • A portrait of Wesley; a loving brother and son, a caring and giving advocate. <br />
<br />
After learning about HIV/AIDS Wesley shares his experience through public testimony. He also formed Noken, a support group that provides counseling and encouragement to individuals living with HIV in his community.
    ODHA_20.JPG
  • Becky and Dessy (24) are twins and they are both HIV-positive.  However, neither of them had ever taken ARV even when they were pregnant.  Dessy’s daughter, Yhoana, died last year from a sudden sickness and Dessy’s health has declined significantly.  Becky recently gave birth to a baby boy she named Gabriel, and he often gets sick.  Becky’s one-and-a-half year old daughter, Emma, also gets sick frequently and she has spent many days in the hospital.  Emma died suddenly before she turned two years old.  None of their children have been tested for HIV because the test cannot be administered before the age of two.  However, their frequent illnesses suggest that Becky’s and Dessy’s children might have contracted the HIV virus from their mothers. Both Becky and Dessy died recently from their condition.  Becky's parents now look over her son Gabriel.
    ODHA_06.JPG
  • A young mother with HIV is seen wearing a necklace with a picture of Jesus Christ and a sweater that reads, “I love Papua.”
    _MG_3925.jpg
  • Family members watch helplessly as Mandisa (25) lose consciousness. No doctor was available to provide medical assistance.<br />
<br />
Mandisa (25) who is in the late stage of AIDS clings to her life.  After being sick for many months, Mandisa's family finally brought her to the hospital to get medical treatment.  Due to a lack of experienced health staff, family and friends must stay by her side the entire time.  Her condition suddenly deteriorated overnight and her body went into a state of shock and she lost consciousness.
    Against All Odds_41.JPG
  • Gary takes a shower as he prepares to go to school. <br />
<br />
Gary is 11 years old and he is HIV-positive.  Gary lost both of his parents to AIDS and he has been taking ARV regularly since the age of four.  Currently, Gary lives with his grandmother and younger cousin.  To support her grandchildren, Gary's grandmother sells betel nut in front of the house earning $2-3 per day.  Due to her meager income Gary's grandmother is unable to buy wholesome and nutritious food and vitamins to help maintain his health and growth.  Last year the Department of Social Services had to suddenly stop providing milk for Gary.  Fortunately, Sorong Sehati, a local community group in Sorong financed by Yayasan San Agustino (YSA), came to the rescue and regularly provides Gary with bread, milk, and monetary assistance to pay for his schooling and transportation to the clinic for check-ups and ARV refills.  At one point, Gary experienced discrimination at school when his teacher forced him to sit in the back to isolate him from the other students.  Sorong Sehati intervened by providing HIV/AIDS education to the schools' faculty including Gary's teacher.  Now Gary sits in the front of the class and he hopes to be a doctor one day so he can help people like him.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_19.JPG
  • Dewi's lifeless body is carried onto the cremation pyre by her uncle.   <br />
<br />
Dewi (20) was a young wife who died from AIDS after contracting HIV from her husband.  Dewi kept her HIV status a secret from her family.  Dewi's family, who were unaware of her real illness, used a traditional healing method of cutting parts of her body to let out "dirty" blood in an attempt to cure her.  Dewi's body was displayed in her finest clothes as family members and neighbors mourned her death inside her parents' honai.  A local NGO, called Caring Hands, has donated money to buy woods for her cremation since Dewi's family was too poor to have her buried.  Outside, men cut woods into smaller pieces and stacked them to prepare for her cremation.  A pastor led the ceremony and prayed before Dewi's body was place on top of the funeral pyre.<br />
<br />
Due to shame and fear of discrimination or punishment, it is common for husbands who are HIV positive to keep their status from their wives or vice versa.  Even after testing positive for HIV, many still disregard using condom to avoid drawing suspicion.  As a result, the HIV virus is often passed between spouses.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_01.JPG
  • Dewi's lifeless body is carried onto the cremation pyre by her uncle.   <br />
<br />
Dewi (20) was a young wife who died from AIDS after contracting HIV from her husband.  Dewi kept her HIV status a secret from her family.  Dewi's family, who were unaware of her real illness, used a traditional healing method of cutting parts of her body to let out "dirty" blood in an attempt to cure her.  Dewi's body was displayed in her finest clothes as family members and neighbors mourned her death inside her parents' honai.  A local NGO, called Caring Hands, has donated money to buy woods for her cremation since Dewi's family was too poor to have her buried.  Outside, men cut woods into smaller pieces and stacked them to prepare for her cremation.  A pastor led the ceremony and prayed before Dewi's body was place on top of the funeral pyre.<br />
<br />
Due to shame and fear of discrimination or punishment, it is common for husbands who are HIV positive to keep their status from their wives or vice versa.  Even after testing positive for HIV, many still disregard using condom to avoid drawing suspicion.  As a result, the HIV virus is often passed between spouses.
    Against All Odds_01.JPG
  • Blood inside a syringe seen at a Voluntary Counseling and Testing clinic. The test result was positive.
    Against All Odds_15.JPG
  • As the fire burned, heavy rain poured as if to extinguish the flame.  Under the protective cover of an umbrella, Dewi's parents watched their daughter's cremation in sorrow.  <br />
<br />
Dewi (20) is a young wife who died from AIDS after contracting HIV from her husband.  Dewi kept her status a secret from her family.  Before her death, Dewi's family used a traditional healing method of cutting her body to let "dirty" blood out in order to cure her illness.  Outside, men cut wood into small pieces and stacked them to prepare for her cremation.  A local NGO called Caring Hands donated money for cremation, since Dewi's family was too poor to have her buried.  A pastor led the ceremony and prayed before Dewi's body was place on top of the funeral pyre. <br />
<br />
It is common for husbands to keep their status from their wives or vice versa due to shame and fear of discrimination or punishment.  Even after testing positive for HIV, many still disregard using condoms to avoid drawing suspicion.  As a result, HIV is often passed on to their spouse.
    _MG_5283.jpg
  • Annie (16) sits next to a pile of fruits that she picked and ready to be sold at a nearby market.<br />
<br />
Annie found out that she was HIV-positive 6 months ago.  Her condition worsened and she spent 3 weeks in the hospital.  Fortunately, Annie received support and counseling from a local NGO, Public Health Development Foundation (YPKM).  With their assistance, Annie is currently on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART).
    ODHA_23.JPG
  • Children and parents from the Husoak village outside of Wamena watch an educational movie on HIV/AIDS.  The film uses the local dialects and also entertaining and informative attracting hundreds of villagers to the showings.
    _MG_3104.jpg
  • Young men drying after bathing in Wouma river in Wamena.<br />
<br />
Scenery (establishing shots)
    AAO_Scans2_250.JPG
  • Lana (18), who is in the late stages of AIDS, sits in the Emergency Room in silence after nurses insert an I.V. line to help stabilize her condition...Many people that arrive in hospitals are already in the late stages of AIDS.  They arrive at the medical center in critical condition with little hope of surviving.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_34.JPG
  • Patients are seen through a small window queuing to register at the public health clinic in Wamena.<br />
<br />
Wamena currently has 1,894-recorded HIV/AIDS cases, and the number continues to rise.  The main public health clinic in Wamena is swamped with over 200 patients a day seeking various forms of health treatment.  Those who want to get tested for HIV must line up in the morning and register with everyone else.  The cramped HIV testing and counseling room is packed with several clients at a time, leaving no room for privacy and confidentiality.  Counselors are unable to spend much time educating patients and addressing their questions.  The lab responsible for processing the HIV test must also conduct lengthy tests for various illnesses including malaria and tuberculosis.  The overwhelming burden on both the staff and the facility reduces the quality of care.  Despite an increasing desire from the public to get tested for HIV, the clinic limits HIV testing to only 10 patients per day.  The director of the clinic believes that the cap is necessary to maintain quality control and ensure accurate test results.  Nevertheless, sometimes as many as 25 patients visit the clinic to get tested for HIV.  When they are turned away, many patients are discouraged to return.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_29.JPG
  • A mother takes her child to a Puskesmas or Public health center in Wamena, a developing town in the mountainous region of Papua.<br />
<br />
Wamena currently has 1,894-recorded HIV/AIDS cases, and the number continues to rise.  The main public health clinic in Wamena is swamped with over 200 patients a day seeking various forms of health treatment.  Those who want to get tested for HIV must line up in the morning and register with everyone else.  The cramped HIV testing and counseling room is packed with several clients at a time, leaving no room for privacy and confidentiality.  Counselors are unable to spend much time educating patients and addressing their questions.  The lab responsible for processing the HIV test must also conduct lengthy tests for various illnesses including malaria and tuberculosis.  The overwhelming burden on both the staff and the facility reduces the quality of care.  Despite an increasing desire from the public to get tested for HIV, the clinic limits HIV testing to only 10 patients per day.  The director of the clinic believes that the cap is necessary to maintain quality control and ensure accurate test results.  Nevertheless, sometimes as many as 25 patients visit the clinic to get tested for HIV.  When they are turned away, many patients are discouraged to return.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_25.JPG
  • Becky's newborn son, Gabriel, is cradled to sleep. Becky is HIV-positive but she did not take ARV during her pregnancy. Gabriel often gets sick and his frequent illnesses suggest that he is infected. <br />
<br />
In Papua there is a higher recorded number of housewives infected with HIV than sex workers.  In most cases, housewives contracted HIV from their husbands.  Pregnant wives who are unaware that they are infected with HIV often pass the virus onto their infants.  Fortunately, HIV testing on pregnant women is a mandatory practice conducted during pre-natal care.  Nevertheless, the transmission of HIV from mother to child still occurs, especially since many women still have limited access to health services and pre-natal care.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_26.JPG
  • Children playing jump rope after Sunday School in the mountainous region of Papua<br />
<br />
HIV/AIDS is spreading at an alarming rate impacting the general population including children, men and women, husbands and wives, young and old, families and communities.
    AgainstAllOdds_Color_07.JPG
  • A fresh-killed pig is washed with water and placed on top of a fire pit to burn off its hair.  After 3 days in the hospital, David who is in the late stages of AIDS insisted on checking himself out to perform "adat," one of the common traditional methods of healing to cure HIV/AIDS.<br />
<br />
Due to a lack of education about HIV, limited access to health services, and strong preexisting cultural beliefs about illness, many people who are desperate for a cure turn to traditional methods of healing.  This involves cutting different parts of the body to drain "dirty" blood believed to cause sickness.  Fruit potions such as the renowned red fruit potion (buah merah) are extremely popular. Holy water and prayers, and expensive Herbal Life vitamin supplements can also replace clinical treatments and ARV.  Sometimes people who are already taking ARV abandon it to take expensive alternative medications because they are promised an immediate cure.  <br />
<br />
One of the common practices in the highlands to try to diagnose and cure HIV is by conducting a traditional diagnostic ritual termed adat. This involves killing a pig and examining its blood, heart, lungs, and kidney.  The intention of this practice is to discover the causes of the disease.  After cutting the pig open and inspecting the pig's internal organs, the practitioners of adat remove what they interpret as parasites or cancerous parts that they believe caused the sickness. Cleaning the pig flesh by washing it with water would also "cure" the person's illness.  Making adat diagnoses and cures are expensive since a pig can cost hundreds of dollars.  The treatment does not work despite the strong cultural belief system that is behind it.  In the end, after killing numerous pigs and spending a fortune, many people give up hope, and when they finally decide to take the sick person to a hospital, the patient's condition is critical and they soon die.
    AgainstAllOdds_Final_27.JPG
  • Dessy's (24) diary entry of her daughter's death, Yhoana, who died from a sudden illness at the age of 2.  Dessy is HIV positive but she did not take ARV medications during her pregnancy nor gave birth via Cesarean Section to reduce the probability of passing on the virus to her child. Currently, Dessy is in poor health because she is still not taking ARV. Dessy's twin sister is also HIV- positive.<br />
<br />
In Papua there are more records of housewives infected with HIV than sex workers.  In most cases, housewives contracted HIV from their husbands.  As a result, many pregnant women who are unaware of their infection often pass the virus to their infants.  Fortunately, HIV testing on pregnant women is a mandatory practice conducted during prenatal care.  Nevertheless, the transmission of HIV from mother to child still occurs, especially since many women have limited access to a clinic during their pregnancy.
    Against All Odds_32.JPG
  • Yayasan Harapan Ibu (Mother's Hope Foundation), a local NGO in Jayapura, demonstrates the use of a condom at public places to help prevent the spread of the HIV virus.<br />
<br />
In Papua, the majority of HIV transmission occurs through sexual encounters.  The consistent use of condoms is perhaps one of the most effective ways to reduce or prevent HIV infection.  Nevertheless, condoms are seen as taboo and frequently associated with sin, misconduct, and shame.  Condom usage is often opposed or disregarded by religious and community leaders, and rarely discussed in public.  Moreover, health staff endorses abstinence more frequently.  Due to the lack of low condom education and promotion, the use of condoms is extremely low since many people in Papua do not know how to use them and many of them are embarrassed to obtain it despite its availability.  More importantly, they do not understand the benefits of condom usage in reducing or preventing STDs and HIV infection.
    Against All Odds_12.JPG
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Andri Tambunan

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